Health On the Net Foundation

Health On the Net Foundation (HON) is a Geneva, Switzerland-based not-for-profit organization which promotes a code of conduct for websites providing health information and offers certificates to those in compliance.

Health On the Net Foundation
non-profit non-governmental organization
IndustryHealthcare
FoundedSeptember 1995
Headquarters
Geneva
,
Switzerland
ProductsCertification, health search engine and education
Websitehttps://www.healthonnet.org/

Foundation

In 1995, 60 participants at an international health conference agreed to form a permanent body to promote the dissemination of accurate health information through technology.[1] Health On the Net was founded under the auspices of the Geneva Department of Employment, Social Affairs and Health. It holds consultative status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (ECOSOC) and a special relationship with the World Health Organization (WHO). The French National Health Authority appointed Health On the Net in 2007 as its official body to certify health websites based in France.

As a "Liaison A" to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Health Informatics Technical Committee (ISO/TC 215), Health On the Net contributes to the elaboration of standards developed by the committee.

Health On the Net offers an array of tools and services, including the HON Code of Conduct and its certification process; the Khresmoi and HONselect search engines; Provisu.ch, a database of health information on eye diseases, accessible by those with poor or no vision; and Santeromande.ch, a database directed towards French speakers in Switzerland and France, providing health information and a directory of registered health professionals and organisations.

Certification
The HONcode Logo

HON Foundation issued a code of conduct (HONcode) for medical and health websites to address reliability and usefulness of medical information on the Internet. The principles of the HONcode are:[2]

  1. Authority – information and advice given only by medical professionals with credentials of author/s, or a clear statement if this is not the case
  2. Complementarity – information and help are to support, not replace, patient-healthcare professional relationships which is the desired means of contact
  3. Confidentiality – how the site treats personal and non-personal information of readers
  4. Attribution – references to source of information (URL if available) and when it was last updated
  5. Justifiability – any treatment, product or service must be supported by balanced, well-referenced scientific information
  6. Transparency of authorship – contact information, preferably including email addresses, of authors should be available
  7. Transparency of sponsorship – sources of funding for the site
  8. Honesty in advertising and editorial policy – details about advertising on the site and clear distinction between advertised and editorial material

Each principle also has a Web 2.0 component in order to address the evolution of the Web in terms of information provision, including social media use.[3]

HONCode is not designed to rate the veracity of the information provided by a website. Rather, the code only states that the site holds to the standards, so that readers can know the source and purpose of the medical information presented. The HONcode is voluntary,[4] which means that webmasters and information providers apply for HONcode certification. Following this, the website is reviewed by a specialized team of health and legal professionals. The HONcode certification is dynamic and is renewed yearly according to site compliance. The first year of certification is free of charge. However, the new recertification process, started in 2014 when the Foundation’s government sponsors required the Foundation to develop its financial independence, requires a financial contribution from the sites requesting recertification. The fees are as follows: €50 for non-profits with little visibility, €160 for sites with high visibility, and €325 for commercial websites. Visibility is determined by the website's Alexa ranking.[5]

There are currently more than 8,000 HONcode certified websites, including WebMD, Everyday Health, Drugs.com, and Healthline. The HONcode has been translated into 35 languages.[6] It is the oldest and the most used code for medical and health-related information on the internet.[7]

Research has shown that the HONcode is an indicator of reliability of health information.[8][9] Additional studies demonstrate that websites using the HONcode quality standards are more reliable than those that do not.[10][11][12] Additionally, the HONcode has been identified as an indicator of accuracy.[13] Certified health pages have a statistically representative higher quality score than health websites that were not certified, with one going so far as to say that "the results of their analysis have shown a quality score that is statistically superior for HON-certified sites proving that even if it is imperfect, this label remains a coherent and trustworthy tool.” (Translated from the French: “Les résultats de notre analyse ont montré un score de qualité statistiquement supérieur pour les sites certifiés HON prouvant que, même si imparfait, ce label reste un outil cohérent et fiable.")[14]

Limits and criticism

The HONcode only applies to a website’s editorial processes and details, not to the actual published contents. The term "certification" can be misleading to the general public, as it can imply that the contents of the website are trustworthy, reliable or otherwise independent.[15] However, because the certification process is based on both self-declaration of adherence to the principles and assessment by a HONcode expert verifying that this is the case, it is not possible for a site to be initially certified if it does not meet the HONcode principles.

However, it is possible for a certified site to change its content such that it no longer meets the certification criteria. While website owners are required to inform HON of any fundamental changes to their website during periods between certification and recertification, this is not always the case. Thus a site may be listed as certified when it no longer is. This is addressed at latest during the recertification process, or earlier if HON is notified that the site no longer meets certification standards. The HONcode is considered a useful guide and for some it provides the best overall guidance compared to other tools,[16] but in the end the reliability of the information is also dependent on the information provider.

The HONcode principles themselves are subject to criticism, with some experts indicating they are not adapted to modern Internet usages[17] and do not follow their own rules.[18] In response to those limitations, one previously certified website has decided to no longer display the Health On the Net logo[19].

Yet greater awareness of the HONcode and its certification process is needed, with the authors of one study highlighting the need “to broadcast the relevance of HON certification so that creditable medical health information could be published online”.[20]

HONcode misuse

In 2000 a journal article raised a number of problems with the HONcode logo, indicating that consumers may mistake it as an award or interpret it as an indicator for assessed information. Other issues with the HONcode logo were discussed in the Journal of Medical Internet Research, a peer-reviewed eHealth journal.[21] Websites that are not in compliance with HONcode can continue to display the seal, as Health On the Net Foundation (HON) has no means of forcing the offending webmaster to remove the certification seal. However, as the certification seal is active and dynamic,[22] leading to a page on HON servers with the date of the certification’s validity and the status of certification in real time, the link from websites will lead to the page showing that the site is no longer in compliance – i.e. that it is either being reassessed or the certification has been revoked. This is indicated in real time. It is, however, possible for the site to retain the logo without the click through. Thus users should be aware that if the seal is not clickable, the site is no longer in compliance and is misusing the logo.

Consumer protection advocate Stephen Barrett has been a strong supporter of the HONcode and has made efforts to improve compliance with its rules and to expose those who misuse it. A 2004 special supplement to The Washington Post provides coverage of his views on the subject, including suggested improvements and his criticisms of many named misusers.[7]

The HONcode relies on noncompliance being reported by consumers. In cases of suspected fraudulent websites or of misuse of the HONcode, HON advises internet users to alert Quackwatch or HON itself through the complaint mechanism on the HON website: "If you come across a healthcare Web site that you believe is either possibly or blatantly fraudulent and does NOT display the HONcode, please alert Quackwatch. Of course, if such a site DOES display the HONcode, alert us immediately."[23]

Other problems with the application of the HONcode principles are that HON does not have a means of verifying many of the principles, such as credentials (medical or otherwise) as stated on websites displaying the logo, or that copyright or confidentiality is not violated by webmasters.

gollark: I can come up with a thing to transmit ubqmachine™ details to osmarks.net or whatever which people can embed in their code.
gollark: It's an x86-64 system using debian or something.
gollark: > `import hashlib`Hashlib is still important!> `for entry, ubq323 in {**globals(), **__builtins__, **sys.__dict__, **locals(), CONSTANT: Entry()}.items():`Iterate over a bunch of things. I think only the builtins and globals are actually used.The stuff under here using `blake2s` stuff is actually written to be ridiculously unportable, to hinder analysis. This caused issues when trying to run it, so I had to hackily patch in the `/local` thing a few minutes before the deadline.> `for PyObject in gc.get_objects():`When I found out that you could iterate over all objects ever, this had to be incorporated somehow. This actually just looks for some random `os` function, and when it finds it loads the obfuscated code.> `F, G, H, I = typing(lookup[7]), typing(lookup[8]), __import__("functools"), lambda h, i, *a: F(G(h, i))`This is just a convoluted way to define `enumerate(range))` in one nice function.> `print(len(lookup), lookup[3], typing(lookup[3])) #`This is what actually loads the obfuscated stuff. I think.> `class iｎt(typing(lookup[0])):`Here we subclass `complex`. `complex` is used for 2D coordinates within the thing, so I added some helper methods, such as `__iter__`, allowing unpacking of complex numbers into real and imaginary parts, `abs`, which generates a complex number a+ai, and `ℝ`, which provvides the floored real parts of two things.> `class Mаtrix:`This is where the magic happens. It actually uses unicode homoglyphs again, for purposes.> `self = typing("dab7d4733079c8be454e64192ce9d20a91571da25fc443249fc0be859b227e5d")`> `rows = gc`I forgot what exactly the `typing` call is looking up, but these aren't used for anything but making the fake type annotations work.> `def __init__(rows: self, self: rows):`This slightly nonidiomatic function simply initializes the matrix's internals from the 2D array used for inputs.> `if 1 > (typing(lookup[1]) in dir(self)):`A convoluted way to get whether something has `__iter__` or not.
gollark: If you guess randomly the chance of getting none right is 35%ish.
gollark: Anyway, going through #12 in order:> `import math, collections, random, gc, hashlib, sys, hashlib, smtplib, importlib, os.path, itertools, hashlib`> `import hashlib`We need some libraries to work with. Hashlib is very important, so to be sure we have hashlib we make sure to keep importing it.> `ℤ = int`> `ℝ = float`> `Row = "__iter__"`Create some aliases for int and float to make it mildly more obfuscated. `Row` is not used directly in anywhere significant.> `lookup = [...]`These are a bunch of hashes used to look up globals/objects. Some of them are not actually used. There is deliberately a comma missing, because of weird python string concattey things.```pythondef aes256(x, X): import hashlib A = bytearray() for Α, Ҙ in zip(x, hashlib.shake_128(X).digest(x.__len__())): A.append(Α ^ Ҙ) import zlib, marshal, hashlib exec(marshal.loads(zlib.decompress(A)))```Obviously, this is not actual AES-256. It is abusing SHAKE-128's variable length digests to implement what is almost certainly an awful stream cipher. The arbitrary-length hash of our key, X, is XORed with the data. Finally, the result of this is decompressed, loaded (as a marshalled function, which is extremely unportable bytecode I believe), and executed. This is only used to load one piece of obfuscated code, which I may explain later.> `class Entry(ℝ):`This is also only used once, in `typing` below. Its `__init__` function implements Rule 110 in a weird and vaguely golfy way involving some sets and bit manipulation. It inherits from float, but I don't think this does much.> `#raise SystemExit(0)`I did this while debugging the rule 110 but I thought it would be fun to leave it in.> `def typing(CONSTANT: __import__("urllib3")):`This is an obfuscated way to look up objects and load our obfuscated code.> `return getattr(Entry, CONSTANT)`I had significant performance problems, so this incorporates a cache. This was cooler™️ than dicts.

References
  1. Ball, Marion J. (2006). "Better Health Through Informatics: Managing Technology to Deliver Value". In O'Carroll, Patrick W.; Yasnoff, William A.; Ward, M. Elizabeth; Ripp, Laura H.; Martin, Ernest L. (eds.). Public Health Informatics and Information Systems. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9780387227450.
  2. "HONcode: Principles - Quality and trustworthy health information". www.hon.ch. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  3. "HONcode: Certification for Websites with Web 2.0 elements". www.hon.ch. Retrieved 2016-05-24.
  4. Greenberg L, D'Andrea G, Lorence D (June 2004). "Setting the public agenda for online health search: a white paper and action agenda". Journal of Medical Internet Research. 6 (2): e18. doi:10.2196/jmir.6.2.e18. PMC 1550592. PMID 15249267.
  5. "Health On the Net (HON): About the HONcode re-assessment payment process". www.hon.ch. Retrieved 2016-05-24.
  6. "Health On the Net, promotes transparent and reliable health information online through HONcode certification". www.hon.ch. Retrieved 2020-01-30.
  7. Christopher Wanjek. Attacking Their HONor: Some Dispute Value of Logo Used to Verify Accuracy, Integrity Of Health Web Site Contents. Special to The Washington Post, April 20, 2004; Page HE01
  8. Nassiri, Mujtaba; Bruce-Brand, Robert A.; O'Neill, Francis; Chenouri, Shojaeddin; Curtin, Paul (2015-08-01). "Perthes Disease: The Quality and Reliability of Information on the Internet". Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 35 (5): 530–535. doi:10.1097/BPO.0000000000000312. ISSN 1539-2570. PMID 25254387.
  9. Bruce-Brand, Robert A.; Baker, Joseph F.; Byrne, Damien P.; Hogan, Niall A.; McCarthy, Tom (2013-06-01). "Assessment of the quality and content of information on anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction on the internet". Arthroscopy. 29 (6): 1095–1100. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2013.02.007. ISSN 1526-3231. PMID 23582738.
  10. Laversin, Sabine; Baujard, Vincent; Gaudinat, Arnaud; Simonet, Maria-Ana; Boyer, Célia (2011-01-01). "Improving the transparency of health information found on the internet through the honcode: a comparative study". Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. 169: 654–658. ISSN 0926-9630. PMID 21893829.
  11. Nassiri, Mujtaba; Bruce-Brand, Robert A.; O'Neill, Francis; Chenouri, Shojaeddin; Curtin, Paul T. (2014-07-01). "Surfing for hip replacements: has the "internet tidal wave" led to better quality information". The Journal of Arthroplasty. 29 (7): 1339–1344.e1. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2014.01.009. ISSN 1532-8406. PMID 24559520.
  12. Elliott, Andrew D.; Bartel, Annette F. P.; Simonson, Devin; Roukis, Thomas S. (2015-06-01). "Is the internet a reliable source of information for patients seeking total ankle replacement?". The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery. 54 (3): 378–381. doi:10.1053/j.jfas.2014.08.012. ISSN 1542-2224. PMID 25746768.
  13. Fallis, Don; Frické, Martin (2002-01-01). "Indicators of Accuracy of Consumer Health Information on the Internet". Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. 9 (1): 73–79. doi:10.1136/jamia.2002.0090073. ISSN 1067-5027. PMC 349389. PMID 11751805.
  14. Paolino, L.; Fritsch, S.; Danoussou, D.; Guimaron, S.; Genser, L.; Azoulay, D.; Lazzati, A. (2014-04-11). "Les sites internet français sur la chirurgie bariatrique sont-ils de bonne qualité ?". Obésité (in French). 10 (1): 28–33. doi:10.1007/s11690-014-0446-5. ISSN 1951-5995.
  15. Eysenbach, Gunther (2000-01-01). "Towards ethical guidelines for e-health: JMIR Theme Issue on eHealth Ethics". Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2 (1): E7. doi:10.2196/jmir.2.1.e7. PMC 1761845. PMID 11720926.
  16. Wong, Lih-Ming; Yan, Hanmu; Margel, David; Fleshner, Neil E. (2013-01-01). "Urologists in cyberspace: A review of the quality of health information from American urologists' websites using three validated tools". Canadian Urological Association Journal. 7 (3–4): 100–107. doi:10.5489/cuaj.501. ISSN 1911-6470. PMC 3650761. PMID 23671523.
  17. As of January 2016; the principles were last updated in March 2010.
  18. "HONcode: Principles - Quality and trustworthy health information". www.hon.ch. Retrieved 2016-05-24.
  19. "Prescrire - Qui est Prescrire - "Non merci..." - Prescrire n'affiche plus le HONcode". www.prescrire.org. Retrieved 2016-05-24.
  20. Chen, Emily C; Manecksha, Rustom P; Abouassaly, Robert; Bolton, Damien M; Reich, Oliver; Lawrentschuk, Nathan (2014-12-01). "A multilingual evaluation of current health information on the Internet for the treatments of benign prostatic hyperplasia". Prostate International. 2 (4): 161–168. doi:10.12954/PI.14058. ISSN 2287-8882. PMC 4286727. PMID 25599071.
  21. Nater, T; Boyer, C; Eysenbach, G (2000-01-01). "Debate about evaluation and monitoring of sites carrying the HON-Logo". Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2 (2): E13. doi:10.2196/jmir.2.2.e13. PMC 1761850. PMID 11720932.
  22. "HONcode: Policing the HONcode". www.hon.ch. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  23. "How to be a vigilant user" Health On the Net Foundation, accessed 8 April 2009.
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