HMS Esperance (1795)

HMS Esperance was launched in America in 1781, and is first listed in Lloyd's Register in 1784 under the name Clementina. She then served as a slave ship, sailing out of Liverpool. In 1786 Brent and Co. purchased her, renamed her Ellis, but still sailed her as a slaver. In 1793 she became the privateer Ellis. The French captured her, then the Spanish, and then the French recaptured her. After returning to French ownership, she became the French corvette Esperance. The Royal Navy captured her in 1795 and took her into service as HMS Esperance. Thus, in her career, Esperance had changed hands six times.[1] She was sold in 1798.

For other ships with the same name, see HMS Esperance.

History
America
Builder:	American
Launched:	1781
Fate:	Sold 1784
Great Britain
Name:	Clementina
Owner:	Moss & Co. Brent & co.
Acquired:	1784
Renamed:	Ellis
Captured:	July 1793
France
Name:	Elize
Acquired:	July 1793 by capture
Captured:	Summer 1793
Spain
Acquired:	Summer 1793 by capture
Captured:	November 1793
France
Acquired:	November 1793 by capture
Renamed:	Esperance
Captured:	8 January 1795
Great Britain
Name:	HMS Esperance
Acquired:	8 January 1795 by capture
Fate:	Sold 7 June 1798
General characteristics [1]
Type:	Ship-sloop
Displacement:	400 tons (French)[2]
Tons burthen:	280, 300, 325​^9⁄94,[1] 333, or 345[3](bm)
Propulsion:	Sails
Complement:	Ellis:100 men[3] Elize: 150 men[2]> HMS Esperance: 121 men[1]
Armament:	Clementina: 4 × 4-pounder guns Ellis: 22 × 6-pounder guns[3] Elize: 22 x 6-pounder guns[2] HMS Esperance: 16 cannon[1]

Early history

The vessel that Esperance was built in America and launched in 1781, probably under the name Clementina. She first appeared in Lloyd's Register in 1783. A database of slave trading voyages by vessels from Liverpool makes clear that Clementina was a slave trader. The next year Captain J. Elworthy sailed her to West Central Africa and St Helena. He transported his slaves to South Carolina. Then in 1785 Elworthy gathered slaves in the Bight of Biafra and the Gulf of Guinea Islands that he delivered to Jamaica.

In 1786 Bent & Co. purchased Clementina and renamed her Ellis, presumably after Ellis Bent. She remained in the slave trade. In 1788 Captain John Ford sailed to the Bight of Biafra and the Gulf of Guinea Islands. He delivered his slaves to the island of Grenada. The next year, 1789, Ellis was almost completely rebuilt, and from the change in subsequent reports of her burthen, enlarged.

In 1791, Captain Joseph Matthews sailed to the Gold Coast. He delivered his slaves to the island of St Vincent. During the voyage some misfortune may have befallen Matthews because command apparently transferred to Thomas Given.

In 1792, Given sailed to Bight of Biafra and the Gulf of Guinea Islands. He then delivered his slaves to Jamaica. There is a parallel record, also for 1793, that Ellis under the command of Thomas Heart, and with the same itinerary.

The history of Clementina/Ellis, as outlined in Lloyd's Register is at the end of the article in the section Lloyd's Register. The entries in Lloyd's Register are broadly consistent with respect to masters' names and years with those from the database on slave voyages.

In 1793, Bent & Co. decided to use Ellis as a privateer. Ellis, with John Levingston as master, received a letter of marque on 3 June 1793.[3]

Three times captured (1793)

The French frigate Gracieuse, under the command of Captain Chevillard, captured Ellis on 22 July 1793.[4][5]

The French took her into service as Elise.[1] Later that summer the Spanish captured her.[1] In November ownership returned to the French who renamed her Esperance.[1][6]

On 8 June 1794, Esperance arrived in Jacmel, Saint-Domingue (present-day Haiti), from France with the official proclamation of the abolition of slavery,[7][8] which Léger-Félicité Sonthonax, as one of the Civil Commissioners of Saint-Domingue, had already unilaterally declared for the French colony the year before amid a slave rebellion and attacks from British and Spanish forces. Ironically, Esperance also brought the news to the Civil Commissioners that the National Convention had impeached them on 16 July 1793 and ordered them to return promptly to France.[8][9][10][Note 1]

Capture (1795]

On 8 January 1795, Argonaut, under the command of Captain Alexander John Ball, captured Esperance on the North America station.[12] Esperance was armed with 22 guns (4 and 6-pounders), and had a crew of 130 men. She was under the command of lieutenant de vaisseau De St. Laurent and had been out 56 days from Rochfort, bound for the Chesapeake. Argonaut shared the prize money with Oiseau, under Captain Robert Murray.[13]

The French ambassador to the United States registered a complaint with the President of the United States that Argonaut, by entering Lynnhaven bay, either before she captured Esperance or shortly thereafter, had violated a treaty between France and the United States.[14] The French also accused the British of having brought Esperance into Lynnhaven for refitting for a cruise. The President passed the complaint to the Secretary of State, who forwarded the complaint to the Governor of Virginia. The Governor inquired into the matter of the British Consul at Virginia.[14] The British Consul replied that the capture had taken place some 10 leagues off shore. The weather had forced Argonaut and her prize to shelter within the Chesapeake for some days, but that they had left as soon as practicable. Furthermore, Argonaut had paroled her French prisoners when she came into Lynnhaven, and if she had entered American territorial waters solely to parole her French prisoners no one would have thought that objectionable.[15] The authorities in Virginia took a number of depositions but ultimately nothing further came of the matter.

Royal Navy service

Because she was captured in good order and sailed well, Rear Admiral George Murray, the British commander in chief of the North American station, put a British crew aboard and sent Esperance out on patrol with Lynx, under the command of John Poo Beresford, on 31 January.[12]

On 1 March the two vessels captured the Cocarde Nationale (or National Cockade), a privateer from Charleston, South Carolina, of 14 guns, six swivels and 80 men. Esperance and Lynx recaptured the ship Norfolk, of Belfast, and the brig George, of Workington.[12]

On 20 July, Esperance, in company with the frigates Thetis and Hussar, intercepted the American vessel Cincinnatus, of Wilmington, sailing from Ireland to Wilmington. They pressed many men on board, narrowly exempting the Irish revolutionary Wolfe Tone, who was going to Philadelphia.[16]

Esperance was formally commissioned into the Royal Navy in August under Commander Jonas Rose.[1]

On 4 May 1796 Esperance was sailing in company with Spencer and Bonetta when they sighted a suspicious vessel.[17] Spencer set off in chase while shortly thereafter Esperance saw two vessels, a schooner and a sloop, and she and Bonetta set off after them. Spencer sailed south-southeast and the other two British vessels sailed southwest by west, with the result that they lost sight of each other. Spencer captured the French gun-brig Volcan, while Bonetta and Esperance captured the schooner Poisson Volant.[17]

Poisson Volant was sailing from Aux Cayes to New York and turned out to be the former HMS Flying Fish that two French privateers had captured in June 1795 while she was on her way to Jamaica.[18] At the time of her recapture she had some eight or ten days earlier met with the French ship Concorde. She was under the command of a sub-lieutenant from Concorde and had a crew of 38 men. Poisson Volant's crew had cut down her gunwales and thrown some of her guns overboard during the chase.[17]

Fate

Esperance arrived at Portsmouth on 3 November 1797 and paid off.[1] On 31 May 1798 the Admiralty listed for sale "the Esperance Sloop, Burthen 325 ​⁹⁄₉₄ tons".[19] She was sold on 7 June 1798 for £600.[1]

Lloyd's Register

Year	Name	Master	Owner	Trade	Notes
1783	Clementina	J. Elworthy	Thomas Moss & Co.	Liverpool - Africa	280 tons (bm); American built, launched 1781
1784	Clementina	J. Elworthy	Thomas Moss & Co.	Liverpool - Africa	Ditto.
1785					Unavailable online
1786	Ellis	Jn. Ford	Bent & Co.	Liverpool – Africa	280 tons (bm); American built, launched 1781. Annotation: Florentine ’83 ] Note: there is no Florentine in 1783.
1787	Ellis	J. Ford	Bent & Co.	Liverpool – Africa	280 tons (bm); American built, launched 1781.
1788					Unavailable online
1789	Ellis	J. Ford J. Mathews	Bent & Co.	Africa – Liverpool Liverpool – Africa	280 tons (bm); American built, launched 1781; almost rebuilt
1790	Ellis	J. Matthews	R. Bent & Co.	Liverpool - Africa	300 tons; American built, launched 1781
1791	Ellis	Matthews Illegible T. Gibbons	Bent & Co.	Liverpool - Africa	Ditto.
1792	Ellis	T. Gibbons	R. Bent & Co.	Liverpool –Africa	333 tons (bm); American built, launched 1781
1793	Ellis	Gibbons J. Leviston	Bent & Co.	Liverpool –Africa	333 tons (bm); American built, launched 1781; 6-pounder guns

Notes, citations, and references

Notes

1. "...the corvette L'esperance dropped anchor, bearing Robespierre's warrant for the Commissioners' arrest and return to Paris to account for their stewartship."[11]

Citations

1. Winfield (2008), p. 257.
2. Winfield & Roberts (2015), p. 175.
3. Dun, Michael. Transcription
4. Archives parlementaires de 1787 à 1860: recueil complet des débats..., p.751.
5. Lloyd's List n°5233 - accessed 29 September 2015.
6. Roche (2005), p. 172.
7. Cauna (2004), p.144.
8. Bell (2007), p.108.
9. Leger (1907), p. 71.
10. Laurent-Ropa (1993), p.201.
11. Heinl et al. (2005), p.65.
12. "No. 13799". The London Gazette. 25 July 1795. p. 780.
13. "No. 15086". The London Gazette. 4 December 1798. p. 1173.
14. President (1815), pp.38–9.
15. Pitt et al., (1875–93), p.445.
16. New Monthly Magazine, Volume 19, p. 487.
17. "No. 13923". The London Gazette. 20 August 1796. p. 795.
18. "No. 13809". The London Gazette. 29 August 1795. p. 896.
19. "No. 15024". The London Gazette. 2 June 1798. p. 485.

References

• Bell, Madison Smartt (2007). Toussaint Louverture: a biography. Pantheon Books. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-375-42337-6. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
• Cauna, Jacques (2004). Toussaint Louverture et l'indépendance d'Haïti: témoignages pour un bicentenaire. KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 978-2-84586-503-7. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
• Demerliac, Alain (2004). La Marine de la Révolution: Nomenclature des Navires Français de 1792 A 1799 (in French). Éditions Ancre. ISBN 2-906381-24-1.
• Heinl, Robert Debs; Heinl, Nancy Gordon; Heinl, Michael (November 2005). Written in blood: the story of the Haitian people, 1492–1995. University Press of America. ISBN 978-0-7618-3177-8. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
• Laurent-Ropa, Denis (1993). Haïti, une colonie française, 1625–1802 (in French). L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-7384-1838-8. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
• Léger, Jacques Nicolas (1907) Haiti, her history and her detractors. (New York, Washington, The Neale Pub. Co.).
• Palmer, William Pitt; Sherwin McRae; Raleigh Edward Colston; Henry W Flournoy; Virginia (1875–1893) "Calendar of Virginia State papers and other manuscripts : ... preserved in the Capitol at Richmond". (Richmond : R.F. Walker).
• Roche, Jean-Michel (2005). Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours. 1. Group Retozel-Maury Millau. ISBN 978-2-9525917-0-6. OCLC 165892922. (1671-1870)
• United States. President.; United States. Dept. of State (1815) "State papers and publick documents of the United States from the accession of George Washington to the presidency, exhibiting a complete view of our foreign relations since that time ... ". (Boston, Printed and published by T.B. Wait & Sons).
• Winfield, Rif (2008), British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates, Seaforth, ISBN 978-1-86176-246-7
• Winfield, Rif; Roberts, Stephen S. (2015). French Warships in the Age of Sail 1786–1861: Design Construction, Careers and Fates. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-204-2.

[[Category:Privateer ships of Great Britain]