Guanidinium thiocyanate

Guanidinium thiocyanate or guanidinium isothiocyanate (GITC) is a chemical compound used as a general protein denaturant, being a chaotropic agent, although it is most commonly used as a nucleic acid protector in the extraction of DNA and RNA from cells.[1]

Guanidinium thiocyanate
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.008.922
Properties
C2H6N4S
Molar mass 118.16 g·mol−1
Hazards
Safety data sheet External MSDS
Xn N
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

GITC may also be recognized as guanidine thiocyanate. This is because guanidinium is the conjugate acid of guanidine and is called the guanidinium cation, [CH6N3]+.

Uses

Guanidinium thiocyanate can be used to deactivate a virus, such as the influenza virus that caused the 1918 "Spanish flu", so that it can be studied safely.

Guanidinium thiocyanate is also used to lyse cells and virus particles in RNA and DNA extractions, where its function, in addition to its lysing action, is to prevent activity of RNase enzymes and DNase enzymes by denaturing them. These enzymes would otherwise damage the extract.

A commonly used method is guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. It is not strictly necessary to use phenol or chloroform if extracting RNA for Northern blotting or DNA for Southern blot analysis because the gel electrophoresis followed by transfer to a membrane will separate the RNA/DNA from the proteins. Additionally, since these methods use probes to bind to their conjugates, peptides that get through the process don't generally matter unless a peptide is an RNase or DNase, and then only if the enzyme manages to renature, which should not occur if proper protocols are followed. A possible exception might be when working with temperature extremophiles because some enzymes of these organisms can remain stable under extraordinary circumstances.[2]

Preparation

This substance can be prepared by reacting guanidinium carbonate with ammonium sulfate[3] [4] or ammonium thiocyanate[5] under heat. Another method is the pyrolysis of ammonium thiocyanate[6] or thiourea[7] at 180ºC.

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References
  1. "The hydration structure of guanidinium and thiocyanate ions: Implications for protein stability in aqueous solution".
  2. Shimomura, O; Masugi, T; Johnson, FH; Haneda, Y (March 1978). "Properties and reaction mechanism of the bioluminescence system of the deep-sea shrimp Oplophorus gracilorostris". Biochemistry. 17: 994–98. doi:10.1021/bi00599a008. PMID 629957.
  3. CN 103387520, Rongfu Li, "Preparation method of guandine thiocyanate", published 2013-11-13
  4. CN 103058889, Jiawang Wu, "Production method of guanidinium thiocyanate", published 2013-04-24
  5. CN 1235876, Jianwen Fang, "Prepn of guanidyl thiocyanate", published 2004-09-08
  6. Krall, Hans (1913). "CL. – Guanidine thiocyanate: its formation from ammonium thiocyanate". J. Chem. Soc., Trans. 103 (0): 1378–91. doi:10.1039/CT9130301378.
  7. Braml, Nicole E.; Sattler, Andreas; Schnick, Wolfgang (6 February 2012). "Formation of Melamium Adducts by Pyrolysis of Thiourea or Melamine/NH4Cl Mixtures". Chemistry – A European Journal. 18 (6): 1811–19. doi:10.1002/chem.201101885. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
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