Greenfinch

Greenfinch
	European greenfinch (Chloris chloris) Male above, female below
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Fringillidae
Subfamily:	Carduelinae
Genus:	Chloris; Cuvier, 1800
Species
	See text
Synonyms
	Chloris Cuvier, 1800 (but see text); Chloris C.L.Brehm, 1856 (non Cuvier, 1800: preoccupied); Chloris A.E.Brehm, 1857 (non Cuvier, 1800: preoccupied)

The greenfinches are small passerine birds in the genus Chloris in the subfamily Carduelinae within the Fringillidae. The species have a Eurasian distribution except for the European greenfinch, which also occurs in North Africa.

These finches all have large conical bills and yellow patches on the wing feathers.

The greenfiches were formerly placed in the genus Carduelis. Molecular phylogenetic studies showed that the greenfinches form a monophyletic group that is not closely related to the species in Carduelis and instead is sister to a clade containing the desert finch (Rhodospiza obsoleta) and the Socotra golden-winged grosbeak (Rhynchostruthus socotranus).[1] The greenfinches were therefore moved to the resurrected genus Chloris which had originally been introduced by the French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1800 with the European greenfinch as the type species.[2][3] The name is from Ancient Greek khloris, the European greenfinch, from khloros, "green".[4]

Extant species

The genus contains five species:[3]

Scientific name	Common name	Distribution
Chloris ambigua	Black-headed greenfinch	Yunnan, northern Laos, eastern Myanmar and adjacent areas of Vietnam, Thailand and northeastern India
Chloris chloris	European greenfinch	Europe, North Africa and Southwest Asia
Chloris sinica	Grey-capped greenfinch	East Asia
Chloris monguilloti	Vietnamese greenfinch	Vietnam
Chloris spinoides	Yellow-breasted greenfinch	northern regions of the Indian subcontinent

Fossil species

Restoration of the extinct Chloris aurelioi, described September 23, 2010

Trias greenfinch, Chloris triasi - Holocene of La Palma, the Canary Islands, Spain
Slender-billed greenfinch, Chloris aurelioi - Holocene of Tenerife, the Canary Islands, Spain

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References

Zuccon, Dario; Prŷs-Jones, Robert; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Ericson, Per G.P. (2012). "The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 62 (2): 581–596. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.002. PMID 22023825.
Cuvier, Georges (1800). Leçons d'anatomie comparée. Volume 1. Paris: Baudouin. Table 2. The year on the title page is An VIII.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Finches, euphonias". World Bird List Version 5.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

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[1] Zuccon, Dario; Prŷs-Jones, Robert; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Ericson, Per G.P. (2012). "The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 62 (2): 581–596. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.002. PMID 22023825.

[2] Cuvier, Georges (1800). Leçons d'anatomie comparée. Volume 1. Paris: Baudouin. Table 2. The year on the title page is An VIII.

[ioc-3] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Finches, euphonias". World Bird List Version 5.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 5 June 2015.

[4] Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.