Graybar Building

The Graybar Building is a 30-story office building in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. It is located at 420–430 Lexington Avenue between 43rd and 44th Streets, adjacent to Grand Central Terminal.

For the building in Detroit, see Graybar Electric Company Building.
Graybar Building
Viewed from a building to the northeast, across the intersection of 44th Street & Lexington Avenue
General information
TypeOffice
Architectural styleArt Deco
Location420–430 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10170, U.S.
Coordinates40°45′09″N 73°58′33″W
Construction started1925
Completed1927
OwnerSL Green Realty
Height
Architectural351 feet (107 m)
Technical details
Floor count30
Design and construction
ArchitectJohn Sloan
Architecture firmSloan & Robertson
DeveloperGraybar
EngineerClyde R. Place
Main contractor
New York City Landmark
DesignatedNovember 22, 2016
Reference no.2554[1]

The Graybar Building was designed by Sloan & Robertson in the Art Deco style. The building was erected within "Terminal City", a collection of buildings located above Grand Central's underground tracks, and as such, occupies the real-estate air rights above these tracks. The Graybar Building's ground floor includes the "Graybar Passage", a publicly accessible passageway that leads from Lexington Avenue to Grand Central Terminal.

When the building's construction started in 1925, it was known as the Eastern Terminal Office Building. The structure was renamed after Graybar, one of its original lessees, the next year. The Graybar Building opened in April 1927 and was fully leased within less than a year. Ownership of the building passed several times before the current owners, SL Green Realty, bought it in 1998. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the Graybar Building as an official landmark in 2016.

History

Site

In 1871, the New York Central Railroad built the Grand Central Depot, a ground-level depot at the intersection of Park Avenue and 42nd Street, which would be succeeded in 1900 by Grand Central Station, also located at ground level.[2] The Graybar Building's site, located just east of the depot and station, was partly occupied by the original Grand Central Palace, which was built c. 1893[3][4] and later used as a hotel.[5] The site also contained a small ground-floor post office.[3][6] On January 8, 1902, a crash between two steam trains in the Park Avenue Tunnel killed 15 people,[7][8][9] leading New York Central president William H. Newman to announce the construction of a new underground terminal station.[10]

The land under the original Grand Central Palace was originally owned by the estate of the entrepreneur Robert Goelet,[11] who died in 1899.[12] In 1902, several months after the fatal Park Avenue Tunnel crash, the trustees of the Goelet estate offered the land to New York Central for use as a post office.[13] The site was acquired by New York Central in 1904,[5][11] and a temporary 14-track terminal was built under the Palace while the old Grand Central Station was being demolished in sections.[14][15]:106–107 The original Palace was demolished by 1913 to make way for the construction of Grand Central Terminal.[16] The terminal's post office, Commodore Hotel New York, and the Graybar Building would later take up the Palace's site.[17]

The completion of Grand Central Terminal resulted in the rapid development of the areas around Grand Central, and a corresponding increase in real-estate prices.[18]:6 By 1920, the area had become what The New York Times called "a great civic centre".[19] The 275-by-250-foot (84 by 76 m) site of the building[17] was bounded on the west by Depew Place and on the east by Lexington Avenue.[1] It had been cleared before 1919 to make way for the post office, but the future site of the Graybar Building had not yet been developed.[17]

Planning and construction

Eastern Offices Inc. indicated in August 1925 that it wanted to build the "largest office building in the world", a 30-story tower occupying the entire site. Eastern Offices had signed an agreement to lease the site from New York Central for 21 years, which could be renewed twice, for a total maximum lease period for 63 years. The agreement stipulated that the building contain passageways to the terminal and to the New York City Subway's Grand Central–42nd Street station underneath, as well as "high-grade" office space and "auxiliary facilities" for New York Central.[20][21] Eastern Offices was under the purview of the Todd, Robertson and Todd Engineering Corporation, which would later collaborate on the construction of Rockefeller Center under the name Associated Architects.[20] Bonds worth $10 million were issued in October 1925.[22]

The structure was originally referred to as the Eastern Terminal Office Building.[20] In May 1926, the Graybar Electric Company leased the 15th floor.[23] The president of Graybar was friends with one of Todd, Robertson, and Todd's partners, and the advertising company J. Walter Thompson did not want naming rights, despite having leased more floors. As a result, the project became known as the Graybar Building.[20]

The Graybar Building's construction permit was issued by the New York City Department of Buildings in 1925,[20] at which point the building was projected to cost $12.5 million.[20][24] Excavation started in early 1925 and the foundation was dug to a maximum depth of 90 feet (27 m).[23] Below the Graybar Building's site was track 200, which looped around Grand Central. Because track 200 had to remain in operation during the building's construction, it was moved to a temporary elevated structure.[25] By the time Graybar leased its space in May 1926, work had commenced on the erection of the building's structural steel.[23] Much of the 25,000-short-ton (22,000-long-ton; 23,000 t) steel frame was located underground because of the complexity of the infrastructure there.[26] The steel was said to be near "street level" by August 1926,[20] and a ceremony to mark the erection of the last steel piece was held on October 8 of that year.[27]

The Graybar Passage, built to connect Grand Central Terminal with Lexington Avenue, was a stipulation in the lease agreement that allowed the Graybar Building to be erected[20]

News articles and press releases described both the construction status and the scale of the work.[20] A Brooklyn Daily Eagle article in September 1926 stated that the building contained "nearly 31 acres [13 ha] of cinder concrete floor arches and cement floors".[28] The Brooklyn Times-Union claimed that, if there were one person per 100 square feet (9.3 m2) within the Graybar Building's 1.35 million square feet (125,000 m2) of office space, the building would comprise the 43rd largest locality in New York state.[29][lower-alpha 1] The Eagle also published an article that described how vibrations from passing trains would be reduced by the installation of lead embedded in concrete.[31] The brick and the cement arches and floors were installed starting in late 1926.[32][33] By early 1927, some 1,100 workers were furnishing the interiors with such materials including 5,000 doors,[32][34] while Edward Trumbull completed the murals in the Graybar Passage on the building's first floor.[32] That March, the Eagle stated that the offices would be ready by April 1.[30]

Use and later years

Upon completion, the Graybar Building was characterized as the world's largest office building.[35] Although the first tenants moved to the building in April 1927, the occupancy certificate was not issued until that July.[32] All of the building's floor area had been leased by January 1928.[36] Another $12 million in bonds, with an interest rate of 5%, would be issued in 1928.[37] A $6.5 million loan on the building was placed with the Equitable Life Assurance Society in 1944. The loan was placed to refinance the remaining 5% bonds issued in 1928.[38] Six years later, a 16-year, $5.6 million loan was placed on the Graybar Building by Aetna.[39]

The Graybar Building and the nearby Chrysler Building were sold in 1953 for $52 million. The new owners were businessman William Zeckendorf's company Webb and Knapp, who held a 75% interest in the sale, and the Graysler Corporation, who held a 25% stake. At the time, it was reported to be the largest real estate sale in New York City's history.[40][41] In 1957, the Chrysler Building, its annex, and the Graybar Building were sold for $66 million to Lawrence Wien's realty syndicate, setting a new record for the largest sale in the city.[42] Webb and Knapp continued to lease the building until 1960, when the leasehold was sold to a group of 8,000 investors for over $3 million.[43]

Graybar moved its headquarters out of the building in 1982.[1] In 1998, SL Green Realty acquired the sublease for the building from a partnership led by businesswoman Leona Helmsley.[35][44] SL Green had paid $165 million, winning the lease over other bidders such as Harry B. Macklowe, Steve Witkoff, and Andrew S. Penson.[44] At that time, the building had a 20% vacancy rate, and SL Green planned to spend $8 million toward renovating the building.[35] The adjacent Grand Central Terminal, including the Graybar Passage, was also being renovated at the same time.[35][44] The renovations included a new entrance and lobby; the steam-cleaning of the facade; and renovated ceilings, floors, and restrooms.[45] In November 2016, the Graybar Building and ten other nearby buildings were designated historic landmarks by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission.[46]

Location
Eastern facade of the building, showing the "light court"

The Graybar Building is bounded by Lexington Avenue to the east and the Park Avenue Viaduct to the west, running between 44th Street in the north to 43rd Street in the south.[1] The western side of the building underneath the Park Avenue Viaduct faces Depew Place, which was laid out when the original Grand Central Depot was built in the late 19th century, and destroyed with the construction of the current terminal. The alley still survives as a driveway for the nearby post office.[47]

Design

The Graybar Building was designed by Sloan & Robertson in the Art Deco style,[1][48] with Clyde R. Place as consulting engineer.[17] It is officially located at 420 Lexington Avenue, though it also occupies the lots at 420–430 Lexington Avenue.[1][49] The Graybar Building is 351 feet (107 m) tall, with 30 stories.[48] It has a floor area of approximately 1.35 million square feet (125,000 m2).[28]

The building utilized 25,000 short tons (22,000 long tons; 23,000 t) of steel,[50] and between 31 and 36 acres (130,000 and 150,000 m2) of concrete.[28][51] The building, and the tracks below it, both contain foundations attached to the rock below. However, even though there are separate structural frameworks supporting the building and the tracks, the Graybar Building's architects found that vibrations from passing trains could pass through the structure supporting the tracks, and then to the rock, resulting in vibrations to the building. To remedy this, a sheet of lead was embedded within a vibration-absorbing concrete "mat", and the Graybar Building's structural steel was anchored to the "mat".[31][52]

The Graybar Building was one of several buildings in Grand Central Terminal's immediate vicinity that were erected after the terminal was completed in 1913.[1] Grand Central Terminal's tracks and platforms were located underground, unlike Grand Central Depot and Grand Central Station, which it replaced. The terminal's construction was partly funded by the sale of above-ground air rights for real-estate development, which were collectively called Terminal City.[53] In the 1990s, as part of the creation of a special zoning area near Grand Central, planners considered the site of the Graybar Building for the possible development of another building, in order to make use of excess air rights over the Grand Central site. These planners cited "outdated systems; not first-class office space; prime location; [and] large lot".[54] Another proposal to make use of the Graybar Building site's air rights was presented in 2012 as part of a rezoning of East Midtown.[55] The 2012 proposal led to the designation of the Graybar Building as a city landmark in 2016, in order to prevent it from being torn down for air rights development.[46]

Form
Graph of the 1916 New York City zoning ordinance with an example elevation for an 80-foot street in a 2½-times height district

Unlike previous buildings in Terminal City, the Graybar Building was designed without ornamentation, and was built with setbacks and "light courts" to conform with the 1916 Zoning Resolution. The western part of the building is shaped like a capital "H", while the eastern part consists of two arms branching eastward from the eastern part of the "H", giving it the shape of a "C". The "H" and "C" form three light courts: a set of north- and south-facing courts on the western part of the building, within the "H", and a 70-foot-wide (21 m) east-facing court on the eastern part of the building, within the "C".[32] The presence of the three light courts resulted in much of the floor area being close to a window,[32] and the building incorporated over 4,300 window openings.[56]

The 1916 Zoning Resolution resulted in a structure that incorporated setbacks along the Lexington Avenue elevation.[32] These setbacks were located on the 15th, 17th, 19th, and 23rd floors.[24] The ordinance was intended to allow light to reach the streets and the lower floors of skyscrapers.[57] The side elevations do not contain any setbacks. The northern facade faces a shorter section of the Graybar Building; the southern facade faces Grand Central Market and the Grand Hyatt New York; and the western facade faces Depew Place. the Park Avenue Viaduct, and Grand Central's main building.[58]

Facade

Except at the base, the Graybar Building's facade was mostly undecorated.[32] The facade was made of brick and Indiana Limestone, and the base was made of limestone.[24][32] Some of the spandrels within each window contain black brick; these give the appearance of "subtle vertical bands" that contrast with the facade's more prominent portions to "accentuate the structure’s height".[24] Toward the top of the facade adjoining Lexington Avenue are four projecting gargoyle-shaped water spouts.[58]

Portals
South entrance portal, center marquee

The Graybar Building contains three entrance portals from Lexington Avenue on the east, but only two were used for their intended purposes.[58] The southernmost portal, which leads from 43rd Street, contains the Graybar Passage,[58] one of three west–east passageways connecting Grand Central to Lexington Avenue.[59] It was built on the first floor of the Graybar Building in 1926.[60] Its walls and seven large transverse arches are of coursed ashlar travertine, and the floor is terrazzo. The ceiling is composed of seven groin vaults, each of which has an ornamental bronze chandelier. The first two vaults, as viewed from leaving Grand Central, are painted with cumulus clouds, while the third contains a 1927 mural by Edward Trumbull depicting American transportation.[61][62]

The Graybar Passage, as well as the central portal of the building, connect to an elevator lobby used by tenants.[58] Above the central portal is a flagpole with multicolored lattices at its base.[58][63]

The northern portal at 44th Street was likely intended to be a third entrance, but was never used as such.[58] It was planned in conjunction with a north–south hall, which would have led from Grand Central to an unbuilt expansion of the post office adjoining the north side of the Graybar Building.[58][64]

Ornamentation
Flagpole base

The south portal contains three sets of doors with separate marquees for each. The center set of doors is located under a marquee supported by three diagonal metal struts, while the marquees over the side doors are supported by two struts. Metal figures of rats are depicted on each of the struts and are shown running upward, in the direction of "inverted, funnel-shaped guards" along the struts.[58] The architect John Sloan stated in a 1933 New Yorker article that these rats were intended to represent the city's role as a "great transportation centre and a great seaport", with its "maritime" theming.[58][63] Building manager Herbert Metz told the Times in 1955 that the rat sculptures "symbolize a ship", which by extension, evokes imagery of a port.[65] These rats, removed in the 1990s, were replaced during the building's renovation at the end of the 20th century.[66]

On the center portal was a relief, which displayed the capital letters "graybar building" and depicted two "winged guardian creatures".[58] There were also pairs of figures outside each portal. The south portal's figures depict air and water; the north portal's figures represent earth and fire; and the center portal's figures symbolize electricity and transportation. Rays of light were depicted radiating from each figure's head.[67] Other ornamentation at the building's base were lights made of metal-and-glass, located just outside the doors, as well as vertical grilles made of stone. Sloan stated that these features were meant to evoke an "eastern" ambiance, which fit the name of the building's original owner, Eastern Offices.[58][63]

Closed subway passage

An underground passage from the New York City Subway's Grand Central–42nd Street station formerly led to the southern portal of the Graybar Building.[68] The 120-foot-long (37 m) passageway led northward from another hallway that connected to the Chrysler Building to the east.[69][70] In a report published in 1991, the New York City Department of City Planning recommended closing the passage because of its low usage and its proximity to other connections.[71] After a woman was raped in another subway passageway, the Graybar subway passage and 14 others were closed by emergency order of the New York City Transit Authority on March 29, 1991, with a public hearing being held afterward.[72][70][73] From January 1, 1990, to its closure, there had been 365 felonies committed in the Graybar subway passage, making it the most dangerous of the 15 passageways ordered closed. The passageway had been located behind a token booth, making it hard to patrol; at the time of its closure, the hallway was described as being "deceptively long and treacherous".[70]

Tenants

By 1927, all of the spaces in the Graybar Building had been rented, and according to one New York Times writer, the building's success proved that "high-class office tenants" were willing to move to Lexington Avenue.[36] One of the earliest lessees was publisher Condé Nast, located on the 19th floor, which signed a lease in 1925.[74][75] The building's namesake Graybar Electric Company occupied the 15th floor, while advertiser J. Walter Thompson leased additional space.[20] Another tenant was a Chase Bank branch, announced in 1927, whose design excluded the enclosures for bank tellers that were present in most other commercial bank branches.[76] Yet other early tenants included Remington Rand, Turner Construction, YMCA, and the Associated Architects responsible in the design of Rockefeller Center.[74] Later tenants would come to include the New York State Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control.[77]

Modern tenants in the Graybar Building include the Metro-North Railroad, Metropolitan Transportation Authority, New York Life Insurance Company, and DeWitt Stern Group. In addition, its current owner SL Green occupies space in the building.[78]

Critical reception
Eastern facade of the building, upper portion

During construction, many contemporary critics described the building's size and scale rather than its design.[74] The Brooklyn Daily Eagle in 1926 described how the building's floor space was equivalent to the area of several blocks in Midtown if spread out onto a single surface.[28] A writer for The New Yorker stated in November 1927 that the building was "probably the largest something, or the highest something, or the most capacious something, in the world – but we didn’t know what".[79] The New York Herald Tribune observed that if all the materials for the building were to arrive at once, it would require 4,625 freight train cars, stretching 50 miles (80 km).[80]

Critics of the building's design tended to view it as a formidable structure. In June 1927, one Herald Tribune reader wrote a letter to that newspaper, saying that the building is "enormous, solid, lofty and of course, embodies the most modern knowledge and skill", but calling the lack of ornamentation a literal "colossal setback".[81] In response, Herald Tribune critic S.J. Vickers said that "the simple, austere front represents the designer's efforts to symbolize still further the tremendous forces responsible for the seething giants in our big city".[82] The magazine Brooklyn Life said in 1929 that the Graybar Building represented an "impressive beauty of steel bulk" with "severe and exotic statuary".[83] The critic Parker Morse Hooper called the decoration "conservative" yet "unusually interesting".[74][84] The architect Robert A. M. Stern, in his book New York 1930, called the Graybar Building a “quintessential commercial colossus" that symbolized "the culture of congestion.”[85]

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References

Notes
  1. The Times-Union stated that this would give a capacity of 13,500 people.[29] The Eagle claimed the building could hold even more people, with a total capacity of 15,000.[30]

Citations
  1. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2016, p. 1.
  2. White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot & Leadon, Fran (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 313. ISBN 978-0-19538-386-7.
  3. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2016, p. 4.
  4. "A Great New Building; It Will Become Famous as the Grand Central Palace". The New York Times. February 27, 1893. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 17, 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
  5. "New York Central Adds Two Blocks To Terminal; The Grand Central Palace Included in Its Purchase". The New York Times. December 17, 1904. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 17, 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
  6. "In and About the City; as up-Town Post Office. It Will Be Established in the Industrial Building". The New York Times. March 8, 1893. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 17, 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
  7. "Park Avenue Tunnel Crash, 1902". PBS. January 8, 1902. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved December 19, 2018.
  8. "Fifteen Killed In Rear End Collision". The New York Times. January 9, 1902. Archived from the original on December 10, 2018. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  9. "Fifteen Killed, Thirty-Six Hurt". New-York Tribune. January 9, 1902. p. 1. Archived from the original on December 10, 2018. Retrieved December 10, 2018 – via newspapers.com .
  10. "Electric Power And Loop, Central's Plan; Tunnel Improvements Which May Cost $10,000,000 Adopted Suburban Service To Be Dependent Upon Electricity Alone". The New York Times. January 16, 1902. Archived from the original on December 10, 2018. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  11. "Buys Two More Blocks". New-York Tribune. December 17, 1904. p. 6. Retrieved December 28, 2018 – via newspapers.com .
  12. "Death of Robert Goelet; Body to be Brought to the United States on Board the Steam Yacht Nahma". The New York Times. April 29, 1899. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 29, 2018. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
  13. "Grand Central Palace Offered For Post Office; Trustees of Goelet Estate Willing to Part with Site. Condemnation Proceedings Would Be Necessary, However, as Will Forbids the Sale of the Property". The New York Times. August 7, 1902. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 29, 2018. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
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  17. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2016, p. 5.
  18. Fitch, James Marston; Waite, Diana S. (1974). Grand Central Terminal and Rockefeller Center: A Historic-critical Estimate of Their Significance. Albany, New York: The Division.
  19. "Another Building For Terminal Zone; 12-Story Commercial Structure to be Erected Opposite the Commodore Hotel". The New York Times. September 14, 1920. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 17, 2019. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
  20. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2016, p. 6.
  21. "Office Building Here To Be Largest Yet; $19,000,000 Structure, Thirty Stories High, Will Be Built Opposite Grand Central". The New York Times. August 5, 1925. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 17, 2019. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
  22. "Offer $10,000,000 In Building Bonds; Issue Out Tomorrow Will Finance Largest Office Structure in the World Here". The New York Times. October 7, 1925. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 17, 2019. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
  23. "Graybar Co. Leases Lexington Av. Floor". The New York Times. May 28, 1926. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 103904663.
  24. "Eastern Offices, 30-Story Building, Has Been Started". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. November 29, 1925. p. 57. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com .
  25. "Track Is Still In Use As Skyscraper Rises". The New York Times. August 29, 1926. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 103847918.
  26. "Graybar Going Up". Brooklyn Times-Union. July 18, 1926. p. 13. Retrieved October 16, 2019 – via newspapers.com .
  27. "Swing Last Steel Beam In Graybar Building; Miss Willoughby Todd Raises Flag on 32-Story Structure as Workman Drives Rivet". The New York Times. October 9, 1926. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 17, 2019. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
  28. "Gerbino Explains Building Figures for Skyscraper". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. September 12, 1926. p. 46. Archived from the original on October 17, 2019. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com .
  29. "Graybar Big as City". Brooklyn Times-Union. September 26, 1926. p. 15. Retrieved October 16, 2019 – via newspapers.com .
  30. "Giant Structure to House 15,000 Ready on April 1". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. March 6, 1927. p. 44. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com .
  31. "Eastern Offices' Graybar Building Will Not Vibrate". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. August 8, 1926. p. 35. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com .
  32. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2016, p. 7.
  33. "Brick for City's Newest Giant Would Build 170 Apartments". New York Herald Tribune. August 15, 1926. ProQuest 1112615498.
  34. "New Graybar Building Will Have 4,825 Doors". New York Herald Tribune. February 20, 1927. ProQuest 1113523015.
  35. Dunlap, David W. (April 1, 1998). "Commercial Real Estate; For Graybar, Restoring a Lost Luster". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 16, 2019. Retrieved October 18, 2019.
  36. "Rental Conditions In Central Zone; Space in New Buildings Satisfactorily Absorbed Duringthe Past Year". The New York Times. January 29, 1928. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 8, 2019. Retrieved October 18, 2019.
  37. "To Refund Graybar Loans; Bonds Against Building for $12,000,000 to Be Offered". The New York Times. June 7, 1928. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 18, 2019. Retrieved October 18, 2019.
  38. "$6,500,000 Loan Placed On the Graybar Building". The New York Times. April 13, 1944. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 18, 2019. Retrieved October 18, 2019.
  39. "Loan of $5,600,000 on Graybar Building". The New York Times. August 2, 1950. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 18, 2019. Retrieved October 18, 2019.
  40. Bradley, John A. (October 10, 1953). "Chrysler, Graybar Buildings Sold for a Record 52 Million; Principals in Record $52,000,000 Real Estate Deal". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 17, 2019. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
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  53. Gray, Christopher (August 19, 2010). "Covering Its Tracks Paid Off Handsomely". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 17, 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
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  57. Ferriss, From a drawing by Hugh Ferriss by Hugh (March 19, 1922). "The New Architecture; The New Architecture". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 17, 2019. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
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