Gonzalo Téllez

Gonzalo Téllez (died c. 915) was a nobleman who was Count of Lantarón and Cerezo (c. 897–c. 915)[1] and is also mentioned in a document dated 903 as Count of Castile.[2] He and his wife were the founders of the Monastery of San Pedro de Arlanza.[3]

Tenencias and estates, military campaigns and repopulation

Because of the relentless incursions of the armies of the Emirate of Córdoba from the end of the 8th-century against the counties of Castile and Álava, which intensified in the first decades of the 9th-century,[4] it became necessary to build several defensive fortifications, including those at Cerezo in Castile and at Lantarón and Astúlez in Álava. The first mention of a count governing Álava exclusively dates to 882 when Vela Jiménez appears as tenente of the region, which was possibly governed previously by Count Rodrigo of Castile.[5]

View of Cerezo de Río Tirón

Near the end of his reign, King Alfonso III of Asturias (866–910) reorganized these easternmost lands and divided them into counties, appointing as governors of each of these his most trusted counts.[6] Gonzalo Téllez was one of these counts and was entrusted with the government of Cerezo and Lantarón, the latter being particularly important because of its strategic location from where the count was able to control access to the valley of the Omecillo and the land along the banks of the River Ebro adjacent to Miranda.[7]

Following the death of the Emir of Córdoba Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi in 912, his successor Abd-ar-Rahman III first had to dedicate his efforts to quashing the rebels of Al-Andalus. King García I of León seized the opportunity and in 913 went to the eastern march of the Kingdom of León,[lower-alpha 1] to the dominions of Count Gonzalo. From there, his armies advanced towards La Rioja and conquered Nájera and Calahorra, and laid siege to Arnedo, which resisted. Nevertheless, the Christian troops soon withdrew, possibly because the king had become seriously ill.

Besides Vela Jiménez and Gonzalo Téllez, and until 992 when Count Fernán González of Castile began to govern Álava, three other counts were tenentes of the Álava region: Munio Vélaz, Fernando Díaz and Álvaro Herraméliz. None of them were counts of Castile or Burgos.[1]

Count Gonzalo's estates were situated in the Pedernales area, an uninhabited land a short distance from Burgos that was later incorporated into the current town of Villagonzalo Pedernales, which bears his name,[8] and in the valley of the Omecillo River, between Tobillas and San Zadornil.[9] His dominions stretched from the Nervión to Sierra de la Demanda with the fortresses Lantarón, Pancorbo and Cerezo. From there, he could protect the eastern frontier against Muslim raids, particularly those of the Banu Qasi.

Gonzalo is first documented in a charter dated 18 November 897 (lost, but quoted by Gregorio de Argaiz), which mentions that King Alfonso III reigned in Oviedo (the capital of Asturias) and Count Gonzalo Téllez in Lantarón.[10] On 24 September 902, Gonzalo and his wife Flámula (also called Lambra in other documents) made a donation to the Monastery of San Pedro de Cardeña consisting of agricultural land in Pedernales.[1][11] A year later, on 1 September 903, he appears as Gondesalbo Telluz in Castella, the only time that he is mentioned as Count of Castile.[2]

In 912, Gonzalo Téllez was one of the three counts that King García entrusted with the repopulation of the land along the banks of the Duero River: Munio Núñez repopulated Roa; Gonzalo Fernández brought settlers to Burgos, Clunia and San Esteban de Gormaz; and Gonzalo Téllez settled Osma.[2][6]

In a charter dated 25 October 913, where Gonzalo and Flámula made a donation to the abbot of the Monastery of San Jorge, San Juan y San Martín de Cerezo, he appears as governing Cerezo (regnante principe Garseani in Legione et comite Gundisssalbo Telliz in Cerasio).[2] [12]

Founding of the Monastery of San Pedro de Arlanza
Ruins of the Monastery of San Pedro de Arlanza founded by Count Gonzalo Téllez and his wife Flámula

Gonzalo Téllez and his wife Flámula appear in the foundational document of the Monastery of San Pedro de Arlanza on 12 January 913. The charter was also signed by Muniadona, the mother of Count Fernán González, with her son Ramiro. Historian Justo Pérez de Urbel suggested that Muniadona and Gonzalo's wife, Flámula, were sisters, but the two charters on which he based this hypothesis are clearly spurious.[13] Although the founding of the monastery is attributed in later historiography to Count Fernán González, its actual founder was Count Gonzalo Téllez.[14]

Gonzalo last appears in a document of 25 February 915, through which he donated Cótar to the Monastery of San Pedro de Cardeña.[15][6] He probably died between that date and May 919 when Munio Vélaz, possibly a son of Vela Jiménez, appears as Count of Álava. There is no record of Gonzalo having any descendants. His wife was still alive in November 929 when she made a donation to the monastery that they had founded for the soul of her deceased husband.[2]

Notes
  1. This name had supplanted that of Asturias.
gollark: > `import hashlib`Hashlib is still important!> `for entry, ubq323 in {**globals(), **__builtins__, **sys.__dict__, **locals(), CONSTANT: Entry()}.items():`Iterate over a bunch of things. I think only the builtins and globals are actually used.The stuff under here using `blake2s` stuff is actually written to be ridiculously unportable, to hinder analysis. This caused issues when trying to run it, so I had to hackily patch in the `/local` thing a few minutes before the deadline.> `for PyObject in gc.get_objects():`When I found out that you could iterate over all objects ever, this had to be incorporated somehow. This actually just looks for some random `os` function, and when it finds it loads the obfuscated code.> `F, G, H, I = typing(lookup[7]), typing(lookup[8]), __import__("functools"), lambda h, i, *a: F(G(h, i))`This is just a convoluted way to define `enumerate(range))` in one nice function.> `print(len(lookup), lookup[3], typing(lookup[3])) #`This is what actually loads the obfuscated stuff. I think.> `class iｎt(typing(lookup[0])):`Here we subclass `complex`. `complex` is used for 2D coordinates within the thing, so I added some helper methods, such as `__iter__`, allowing unpacking of complex numbers into real and imaginary parts, `abs`, which generates a complex number a+ai, and `ℝ`, which provvides the floored real parts of two things.> `class Mаtrix:`This is where the magic happens. It actually uses unicode homoglyphs again, for purposes.> `self = typing("dab7d4733079c8be454e64192ce9d20a91571da25fc443249fc0be859b227e5d")`> `rows = gc`I forgot what exactly the `typing` call is looking up, but these aren't used for anything but making the fake type annotations work.> `def __init__(rows: self, self: rows):`This slightly nonidiomatic function simply initializes the matrix's internals from the 2D array used for inputs.> `if 1 > (typing(lookup[1]) in dir(self)):`A convoluted way to get whether something has `__iter__` or not.
gollark: If you guess randomly the chance of getting none right is 35%ish.
gollark: Anyway, going through #12 in order:> `import math, collections, random, gc, hashlib, sys, hashlib, smtplib, importlib, os.path, itertools, hashlib`> `import hashlib`We need some libraries to work with. Hashlib is very important, so to be sure we have hashlib we make sure to keep importing it.> `ℤ = int`> `ℝ = float`> `Row = "__iter__"`Create some aliases for int and float to make it mildly more obfuscated. `Row` is not used directly in anywhere significant.> `lookup = [...]`These are a bunch of hashes used to look up globals/objects. Some of them are not actually used. There is deliberately a comma missing, because of weird python string concattey things.```pythondef aes256(x, X): import hashlib A = bytearray() for Α, Ҙ in zip(x, hashlib.shake_128(X).digest(x.__len__())): A.append(Α ^ Ҙ) import zlib, marshal, hashlib exec(marshal.loads(zlib.decompress(A)))```Obviously, this is not actual AES-256. It is abusing SHAKE-128's variable length digests to implement what is almost certainly an awful stream cipher. The arbitrary-length hash of our key, X, is XORed with the data. Finally, the result of this is decompressed, loaded (as a marshalled function, which is extremely unportable bytecode I believe), and executed. This is only used to load one piece of obfuscated code, which I may explain later.> `class Entry(ℝ):`This is also only used once, in `typing` below. Its `__init__` function implements Rule 110 in a weird and vaguely golfy way involving some sets and bit manipulation. It inherits from float, but I don't think this does much.> `#raise SystemExit(0)`I did this while debugging the rule 110 but I thought it would be fun to leave it in.> `def typing(CONSTANT: __import__("urllib3")):`This is an obfuscated way to look up objects and load our obfuscated code.> `return getattr(Entry, CONSTANT)`I had significant performance problems, so this incorporates a cache. This was cooler™️ than dicts.
gollark: The tiebreaker algorithm is vulnerable to any attack against Boris Johnson's Twitter account.
gollark: I can't actually shut them down, as they run on arbitrary google services.

References
  1. Martínez Díez 2005, p. 189.
  2. Martínez Díez 2005, p. 200.
  3. Escalona 2005, p. 227.
  4. Martín Viso 2001, pp. 537 and 539.
  5. Martínez Díez 2005, p. 198.
  6. Moreta & Moreta Velayos 1971, p. 39.
  7. Martín Viso 2001, p. 539.
  8. Martínez Díez 2005, pp. 189, 201.
  9. Martín Viso 2001, p. 541.
  10. Martínez Díez 2005, p. 199.
  11. Moreta & Moreta Velayos 1971, p. 33.
  12. Rodríguez Fernández 1997, p. 31.
  13. Martínez Díez 2005, p. 303.
  14. Escalona 2012, p. 227: "...the Monastery of San Pedro de Arlanza reformulated its origins to replace its true founder, Count Gonzalo Téllez of Lantarón, with Fernán González" (translation).
  15. Martínez Díez 2005, p. 201.

Bibliography
  • Escalona, Julio (2012). "Épica y falsificaciones documentales en la Castilla medieval". Antigüedad y cristianismo. Monografías históricas sobre las Antigüedad Tardía. Realidad, ficción y autenticidad en el Mundo Antiguo: La investigación ante documentos sospechosos (in Spanish). Universidad de Murcia (29): 223–242. ISSN 0214-7165.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Martín Viso, Iñaki (2002). "Poder político y estructura social en la Castilla altomedieval: el condado de Lantarón (Siglos VIII-XI)" (PDF). Los espacios de poder en la España medieval: XII Semana de Estudios Medievales, Nájera, del 30 de julio al 3 de agosto de 2001 (in Spanish). Logroño: Gobierno de La Rioja, Instituto de Estudios Riojanos. pp. 533–552. ISBN 84-95747-24-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Martínez Díez, Gonzalo (2005). El Condado de Castilla (711-1038). La historia frente a la leyenda. Valladolid: Junta de Castilla y León. ISBN 84-9718-275-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Moreta, Salustiano; Moreta Velayos, Salustiano (1971). El Monasterio de San Pedro de Cardeña. Historia de un dominio monástico (in Spanish). Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca. OCLC 48277151.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Pérez de Urbel, Justo (1945). Historia del Condado de Castilla (in Spanish). Vol. I. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. OCLC 807132337.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Rodríguez Fernández, Justiniano (1997). Reyes de León (I). García I, Ordoño II, Fruela II y Alfonso IV (in Spanish). Burgos: La Olmeda. ISBN 84-920046-8-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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