Golden-rumped elephant shrew

The golden-rumped elephant shrew (Rhynchocyon chrysopygus) is a small African mammal. It is the largest species of the elephant shrew family along with its close relative the grey-faced sengi. It is classified as endangered.

Golden-rumped elephant shrew
Conservation status
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Macroscelidea
Family:	Macroscelididae
Genus:	Rhynchocyon
Species:	R. chrysopygus
Binomial name
Rhynchocyon chrysopygus Günther, 1881
Range

Taxonomy and description

The golden-rumped elephant shrew is found in the northern coastal areas in and around Arabuko Sokoke National Park Mombasa in Kenya. Its name derives from the conspicuous golden fur on its hindquarters, distinctive golden coloration on its rump, and grizzled gold forehead contrasting with its dark reddish-brown color. The golden-rumped elephant shrew has long muscular rear legs and shorter, less developed forelegs. Like other elephant shrews, this species has a long and flexible snout, which is where its genus gets its name. Its tail is largely black except for the last third, which is white with a black tip. On juveniles, the fur shows vestigial traces of a checkerboard pattern seen on giant elephant shrews like the checkered elephant shrew.[2]

Reproduction

The golden-rumped elephant shrews are monogamous and territorial behavior is seen in both males and females defending overlapping territories. They mate year round. Females give birth to one young in an approximate 42-days cycle. The newborn offspring are usually ready to leave the mother's den after 2 weeks, and it takes approximately 5 days after leaving the nest for them to become fully independent in the wild. The male does not take part in any parental care of the newborns.

Habitat and distribution

The golden-rumped elephant shrew is a diurnal animal, which lives in densely vegetated forests, avoiding clear and open areas to help protect themselves from predators. Golden-rumped elephant shrews build up to 6 nests at a time, alternating nests every night to leave no pattern for hunting predators to follow. It inhabits coastal regions and is found in moist, dense-brush forests and lowland semi-deciduous forests. Males have slightly larger home areas than females, and are more likely to trespass into neighboring territories, which makes them more vulnerable to predators.

Ecology and behavior

Their diet consists of invertebrates such as earthworms, millipedes, insects and spiders. These animals root through the leaf litter for 80% of their day looking for grasshoppers, beetles, spiders and other small invertebrates. The golden-rumped elephant shrew evolved various strategies to avoid predators, particularly snakes (such as black mambas and cobras) and the southern banded snake-eagle. This animal is fast, capable of running up to 25 km/h. When it detects a predator within its escape distance, it will adopt a defensive position and will try to escape taking advantage of its agility and speed. If, however, the predator is outside its escape distance, the elephant shrew will advertise its presence by slapping the leaf litter, letting the predator know it has been spotted. In the event of a chase or an ambush, the golden-rumped's flash of fur will often deflect the predator's attention away from the head and onto the rump, which has thicker skin and could give them an opportunity to survive an attack. The protected rump is more pronounced in males than female, and this dermal shield is roughly three times thicker than the skin in the middle of its back.[2] Each shrew maintains several nests so they cannot be easily found by leaving a trace or establishing a pattern.

Threats and conservation

The golden-rumped elephant shrew is classified as endangered largely due to a fragmented forest environment and anthropogenic factors. Their most notable population is in the Arabuko-Sokoke Forest in Kenya. They are subject to being caught in traps, but are not targeted as a source of food because of their poor taste. In the early 1990s, it was estimated that roughly 3,000 were caught yearly by trappers. Forest patrols have reduced trapping since then, but there are areas that are not patrolled, where trappers are able to trap freely. The Arabuko-Sokoke forest and other Kenyan forests where the shrews live, have the status of National Monuments, which prevents any further development, but does not particularly provide specific protection for them or for biodiversity. Due to their small populations, even though many are protected, their numbers are expected to continue to decline due to stochastic events and further anthropogenic disturbances.[3]

References

1. FitzGibbon, C. & G. Rathbun (IUCN SSC Afrotheria Specialist Group). 2008. Rhynchocyon chrysopygus. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. Downloaded on 04 June 2013.
2. Rathbun, Galen B (1979). "Rhynchocyon chrysopygus". Mammalian Species (117): 1–4. doi:10.2307/3503789. ISSN 0076-3519. JSTOR 3503789.
3. "Rhynchocyon chrysopygus (Golden-rumped Elephant-shrew, Golden-rumped Sengi)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2016-12-03.old-form url

Further reading

• Kingdom, J., Ed. The Kingdom Field Guide to African Mammals. 1997. ISBN 0-7136-6513-0
• Macdonald, D., Ed. The New Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford University Press. 2001. ISBN 0-19-850823-9
• Gibbon, Clare D. Fitz (1997). "The adaptive significance of monogamy in the golden-reumped elephant-shrew". Journal of Zoology. 242: 167–177. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb02937.x.
• Oduor-Okelo, Dominic (1985). "Ultrastructural observations on the chorioallantoic placenta of the golden-rumped elephant shrew, Rhynchocyon chrysopygus". African Journal of Ecology. 23 (3): 155–166. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1985.tb00943.x.

External links

• Golden-rumped Sengi (Rhynchocyon chrysopygus). Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE).
• Golden-rumped elephant-shrew (Rhynchocyon chrysopygus). ARKive.