Glazed architectural terra-cotta

Glazed architectural terra-cotta (the hyphen usually only found in American usage) is a ceramic masonry building material used as a decorative skin. It has been popular in the United States from the late 19th century until the 1930s, and still one of the most common building materials found in U.S. urban environments. It is the glazed version of architectural terracotta; the material in both its glazed and unglazed versions is sturdy and relatively inexpensive, and can be molded into richly ornamented detail. Glazed terra-cotta played a significant role in architectural styles such as the Chicago School and Beaux-Arts architecture.

Elmslea Chambers in Goulburn, New South Wales, Australia - built in 1933, it was one of the first buildings in Australia to use coloured polychrome terracotta in its façade which features a fine relief of birds, flowers, leaves and typical Art Deco sunbursts under the windows.
Polychrome glazed capital, circa 1915. Randalls Lost NYC collection
White glazed Sullivanesque, circa 1925. Randalls Lost NYC collection

History
Gloucester Road station, Piccadilly line, with the sang de boeuf glazed tiles used on many London Underground station buildings.

The material, also known in Great Britain as faience and sometimes referred to as "architectural ceramics", was closely associated with the work of Cass Gilbert, Louis Sullivan, and Daniel H. Burnham, among other architects. Buildings incorporating glazed terra-cotta include the Woolworth Building in New York City and the Wrigley Building in Chicago.

Glazed architectural terra-cotta offered a modular, varied and relatively inexpensive approach to wall and floor construction. It was particularly adaptable to vigorous and rich ornamental detailing. It was created by Luca della Robbia (1400–1482), and was used in most of his works.

Terra-cotta is an enriched molded clay brick or block. It was usually hollow cast in blocks which were open in the back, with internal stiffeners called webbing. Webbing substantially strengthened the hollow blocks with minimal weight increase. The blocks were finished with a glaze, with a clay wash or an aqueous solution of metal salts, before firing. Late 19th century advertising for the material promoted the durable, impervious and adaptable nature of glazed architectural terra-cotta. It could accommodate subtle nuances of modeling, texture and color. Compared to stone, it was easier to handle, quickly set and lower cost. The cost of producing the blocks, when compared to carving stone, was a considerable saving, especially when casts were used in a modular fashion—that is, used repeatedly. It never needed paint, and periodic washings restored its appearance.

Usage

Variations in the color and pattern of the glaze could make it look like granite or limestone; this flexibility helped make it attractive for architects.

Four major types of terra-cotta were widely used[1]

  1. Brownstone was the earliest type. A dark red or brown block which was not necessarily glazed, it was used as imitation sandstone, brick or with real brownstone and associated with the architectural styles of Richard Upjohn, James Renwick, Jr., H. H. Richardson.
  2. Fireproof was developed as a direct result of the growth of the high rise building in America. Cheap, light and fireproof, the rough-finished hollow blocks were ideally suited to span the I-beam members in floor, wall and ceiling construction. Certain varieties are still in production today.
  3. Veneer was developed during the 1930s and is still used today. Unlike traditional architectural terra-cotta, ceramic veneer is not hollow cast. It is a veneer of glazed ceramic tile which is ribbed on the back like bathroom tile and usually attached to a grid of metal ties which have been anchored to the building.
  4. Glazed architectural terra-cotta was the most complex building material developed. The hollow units were hand cast in molds or carved in clay and heavily glazed, then fired. This is the terra-cotta associated with the architecture of Cass Gilbert, Louis Sullivan and Daniel H. Burnham.

Use in America

The American Terra Cotta Corporation, founded in 1881,[2] operated for eighty-five years in the little town of Terra Cotta in the heart of Illinois dairy country (near Crystal Lake, Illinois). The company fabricated architectural terra cotta for more than 8,000 buildings throughout the U.S. and Canada. It was the last exclusive manufacturer of architectural terra cotta by the time it ceased production in 1966. From its founding, in time to rebuild the fire-ravished city of Chicago, until its closing, it was the major producer of architectural glazed terra cotta in North America.

Guastavino tile was used in many places, including the Bridgemarket under the Manhattan side of the Queensboro Bridge.

Illinois examples

[3][4] [5]

  • 6715-6725 S. Paxton Ave., c. 1925, Chicago, IL
  • 2301-2347 E. 70th Pl., c. 1925, Chicago, IL
  • 7247-51 S. Phillips Ave., c. 1925, Chicago, IL
  • 7936 S. Luella Ave., c. 1925, Chicago, IL
  • 13042 S. Western Ave., The Woolworth Building, for Teresa Klein, 1915, Blue Island, IL
  • 422 Davis St., Evanston, IL. 1926, Main entrance, the Georgian Hotel
  • 422 Davis St., Evanston, IL. 1926, Corner detail, the Georgian Hotel
  • 422 Davis St., Evanston, IL. 1926, Cornice detail, the Georgian Hotel

Use in Canada

Although glazed terra-cotta was much more common in the US, it was used in central Canada starting around 1900, on many of the area's first skyscrapers. The glazed terra-cotta used in central Canada was usually imported from the US or England.

Use in Great Britain
Burmantofts faience in the Great Hall of the University of Leeds

From around 1880 unglazed terra-cotta was supplanted by the glazed version - faience, and glazed brick - which were easily cleaned, and not blackened by city smoke, notably by the Burmantofts Pottery company which also exported to Paris and Montreal.[6]

Use in Australia

Faience was popularised in Melbourne in the 1920s by architects such as Harry Norris. One of the leading commercial architects of the time in the city, Norris was strongly influenced by trends in American architecture and used faience on projects such as the Nicholas Building and the Kellow Falkiner Showrooms (a 1928 car showroom) in South Yarra.[7] In Sydney, it featured on notable buildings such as BMA House, designed by Joseph Charles Fowell. Australian-made tiles were available from Wunderlich Tiles, a company founded by London-born Frederick Wunderlich.[8]

gollark: It's 70%, and that assumes that the chance of each protest in a location being violent is independent, which is not true.
gollark: I have no idea about *that*, but it's not valid to say "12 protests in your area → guaranteed (i.e. 100% or nearly) chance of one or more being violent".
gollark: > 10 percent of BLM protests are violent. that means if you have 12 protests in your area you are guaranteed to be hurt, or have property damageRandom nitpicking, but that is *not* how probabilities work.
gollark: Although, I'm not sure how a "no capital system" is meant to work, given that you need capital to produce basically anything.
gollark: Lots of the things fitting into each category are completely different from each other in other ways.

See also

References
  1. George A. Berry III with Sharon S. Darling (2003). Common Clay - A History of American Terra Cotta Corporation 1881-1966. Crystal Lake, Illinois: TCR Corp. ISBN 0-9747738-0-8.
  2. Sun Times Staff writers. George A. Berry III Obituary. Sun Times Newspaper. 2010-04-24. URL:http://legacy.suntimes.com/obituaries/chicagosuntimes/obituary.aspx?n=george-a-berry&pid=142023500. Accessed: 2010-04-24. (Archived by WebCite at https://www.webcitation.org/5pELtWAnc)
  3. "Chicago Landmarks | Historic Resources Survey". Webapps.cityofchicago.org. Retrieved 2013-05-01.
    • Schmitt, Ronald A. (2002). Sullivanesque: URBAN ARCHITECTURE AND ORNAMENTATION. Champaign: University of Illinois Press. pp. 238, 239, 240. ISBN 978-0-252-02726-0.
    • City Council Minutes, Evanston, IL. August 16, 2004
  6. Pevsner Architectural Guides - Leeds, Susan Wrathwell, 2005, ISBN 0-300-10736-6
  7. "Former Kellow Falkiner Showrooms (Heritage Listed Location)". On My Doorstep. 2005-10-07. Archived from the original on 2013-04-30. Retrieved 2013-05-01.
  8. "Booklets (2), 'Architectural Terra Cotta and Faience', Wunderlich Limited, Redfern, New South Wales,... - Version details - Trove". Trove.nla.gov.au. Retrieved 2013-05-01.

Further reading
  • Brick - A World History, James W P Campbell & Will Pryce, 2003, ISBN 0-500-34195-8
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