Glasmine 43

The Glasmine 43 was an anti-personnel mine with a glass body used by the Germans during World War II.

Glasmine 43
A Glasmine 43.[1]
TypeMinimum metal anti-personnel mine
Place of originGermany
Service history
In service1944–1945
Used byGermany,
WarsWorld War II
Production history
Produced1944–1945
No. built11 million
Variants
  • Hebelzünder 44 detonator
  • Buck chemical detonator
Specifications
Height6 inches (150 mm)
Diameter4.5 inches (110 mm)
FillingTNT
Filling weight200 grams (7.1 oz)
Detonation
mechanism
Pressure – weight of around 40 pounds (18 kg)[1]

This mine was an early form of minimum metal mine, designed with the minimum amount of metal to reduce the likelihood of detection by the Polish mine detector then in use by Allied forces. The reduced use metal was beneficial because it saved this valuable war resource for other uses.

Description
Diagram of a Glasmine 43 from a US Army manual[1]

The mine consists of a glass bowl, 6 inches (15 cm) in diameter containing an explosive charge and a detonator. The top of the mine was covered by a sheet-glass disk 0.25 inches (6.4 mm) thick, under a thick, molded glass pressure plate. Each mine was supplied with a small quantity of cement putty to seal gaps between the main body and the glass disk cover and make the mine waterproof.[2]

When stepped on, the pressure plate shattered the glass disk and activated the detonator, detonating the mine's main explosive charge. This was a Sprengkörper 28 – a standard demolition charge with 200 grams (7.1 oz) of explosive.[1][2] Two types of detonator were used. Early versions of the mine used a mechanical detonator, known as a Hebelzünder 44 which used a percussion cap.[3] Later versions fired the main charge using a device known as a Buck igniter.

The Buck igniter was a small can of thin, corrugated aluminium. This contained a glass ampule of sulfuric acid, surrounded by flash powder that included powdered naphthalene. The can crushed when subjected to a pressure of around 5 pounds (2.3 kg), shattering the ampule and causing the acid to mix with the powder. The resulting chemical reaction produced a flash that ignited the detonator of the main explosive charge.[4][5]

In 1944 and 1945, 11 million mines were produced; at the end of World War II, 9.7 million were still in stock.[6] Along with other companies, the Glashütte Gifhorn participated in the production.

Effect and legacy

Glass shrapnel was not easily detectable via X-Rays, which rendered medical assistance to victims much harder than conventional mines. Glass also carried an increased infection risk; moreover, life-threatening injuries were more difficult to assess.

Mines of this type are still buried in the Eifel National Park on the grounds of the Vogelsang Military Training Area, a former "Nazi leadership" training center.[7]

Demining areas with this type of mine is resource intensive, as the fields must be swept either by hand or with mine flails like the Keiler, not forgetting that the latter has a certain margin of error since it was developed with military-tactical deployments in mind (creating pathways through minefields).

In 2004, "home-made" mines of this type were employed by guerrillas in Colombia.[8]

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References
  1. Office of the Chief of Ordnance (1945). Catalog Of Enemy Ordnance Materiel. OCLC 464601649.
  2. United States War Office (1953). German Explosive Ordnance. Department of the Army Technical Manual TM 9-1985-2. Washington: United States Government Printing Office (published March 1953). p. 275. OCLC 713755660.
  3. Functioning, Assembly and Pictures of Glasminen (english) Archived 2009-01-22 at the Wayback Machine(Retrieved on 11 June 2012)
  4. Norman Youngblood (2006). The Development of Mine Warfare: A Most Murderous and Barbarous Conduct. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 115–. ISBN 978-0-275-98419-9.
  5. German Explosive Ordnance. Department of the Army Technical Manual TM 9-1985-2. Washington: US Government Printing Office (published March 1953). 1953. p. 308.
  6. TM-E 30-451 Handbook on German Military Forces (english) (Retrieved on 11 Juni 2012)
  7. Dieter Wulf: Am Rande des Nationalparks Eifel, 5. April 2009 in Deutschlandfunk, Retrieved on 8 September 2013
  8. Personenminen Retrieved 21 November 2012
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