Girardia

Girardia is a genus of freshwater planarians belonging to the family Dugesiidae.

Girardia
Living specimen of Girardia sp.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Platyhelminthes
Class:
Rhabditophora
Order:
Tricladida
Suborder:
Continenticola
Family:
Dugesiidae
Genus:
Girardia

Ball, 1974
Species

See text

Distribution

The genus Girardia is endemic to the Americas, from Argentina to Canada, although most species occur in South America. The only two species known to occur naturally in North America, Girardia tigrina and Girardia dorotocephala, have been introduced in other continents and islands.[1]

Description

Species of Girardia are very similar to species of other genera of Dugesiidae and few apomorphies that clearly define the genus are known.[1] One of the few exclusive characteristics is the presence of pigment granules in the outer pharyngeal wall.[2]

Until 1991 Girardia was considered a subgenus of Dugesia, then it was upgraded to the genus rank.[2] However, some works continued to use the old genus for some Girardia species, mainly for Girardia dorotocephala and Girardia tigrina.[3][4][5][6]

Species
  • Girardia anceps (Kenk, 1930)
  • Girardia anderlani (Kawakatsu & Hauser, 1983)
  • Girardia andina (Borelli, 1895)
  • Girardia antillana (Kenk, 1941)
  • Girardia arenicola Hellmann & Leal-Zanchet, 2018[7]
  • Girardia arimana (Hyman, 1957)
  • Girardia arizonensis (Kenk, 1975)
  • Girardia aurita (Kennel, 1888)
  • Girardia arndti (Marcus, 1946)
  • Girardia avertiginis Sluys, 2005
  • Girardia azteca (Benazzi & Giannini, 1971)
  • Girardia barbarae (Mitchell & Kawakatsu, 1973)
  • Girardia biapertura Sluys, 1997
  • Girardia bursalacertosa Sluys, 2005
  • Girardia cameliae (Furhmann, 1912)
  • Girardia canai Curino & Cazzaniga, 1993
  • Girardia capacivasa Sluys & Kawakatsu, 2005
  • Girardia chilla (Marcus, 1954)
  • Girardia cubana (Codreanu & Balcesco, 1973)
  • Girardia desiderensis Souza & Leal-Zanchet, 2016[8]
  • Girardia dorotocephala (Woodworth, 1897)
  • Girardia dubia (Borelli, 1895)
  • Girardia festae (Borelli, 1898)
  • Girardia glandulosa (Kenk, 1930)
  • Girardia graffi (Weiss, 1909)
  • Girardia guatemalensis (Mitchell & Kawakatsu, 1973)
  • Girardia hoernesi (Weiss, 1910)
  • Girardia hypoglauca (Marcus, 1948)
  • Girardia informis Sluys & Grant, 2006
  • Girardia jenkinsae (Benazzi & Gourbault, 1977)
  • Girardia jugosa Sluys, 2005
  • Girardia longistriata (Furhmann, 1912)
  • Girardia mckenziei (Mitchell & Kawakatsu, 1973)
  • Girardia microbursalis (Hyman, 1931)
  • Girardia multidiverticulata Souza, Morais, Cordeiro & Leal-Zanchet, 2015[9]
  • Girardia nonatoi (Marcus, 1946)
  • Girardia paramensis (Fuhrmann, 1912)
  • Girardia paucipunctata Hellmann & Leal-Zanchet, 2018[7]
  • Girardia pierremartini Souza & Leal-Zanchet, 2016[8]
  • Girardia polyorchis (Fuhrmann, 1912)
  • Girardia rincona (Marcus, 1954)
  • Girardia sanchezi (Hyman, 1955)
  • Girardia schubarti (Marcus, 1946)
  • Girardia seclusa (de Beauchamp, 1940)
  • Girardia sphincter Sluys & Kawakatsu, 2001
  • Girardia striata (Weiss, 1910)
  • Girardia tigrina (Girard, 1850)
  • Girardia titicacana (Hyman, 1939)
  • Girardia typhlomexicana (Mitchell & Kawakatsu, 1973)
  • Girardia ururiograndeana (Kawakatsu, Hauser & Ponce de Leon, 1992)

Phylogeny
Girardia sp. specimen preserved in alcohol.

Phylogenetic tree including five dugesiid genera after Álvarez-Presas et al., 2008:[10]

Dugesiidae
 

Girardia

 
 
 

Neppia

 
 
 

Cura

 
 
 

Schmidtea

 
 

Dugesia

 
 
 
 
 
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References
  1. Sluys, Ronald; Kawakatsu, Masaharu; Ponce de León, Rodrigo (2005). "Morphological stasis in an old and widespread group of species: Contribution to the taxonomy and biogeography of the genus Girardia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Paludicola)". Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment. 40 (2): 155–180. doi:10.1080/01650520500070220. ISSN 0165-0521.
  2. De Vries, E. J.; Sluys, R. (1991). "Phylogenetic relationships of the genus Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Paludicola)". Journal of Zoology. 223 (1): 103–116. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb04752.x.
  3. Sheiman, I. M.; Kreshchenko, N. D.; Sedel'Nikov, Z. V.; Groznyi, A. V. (2004). "Morphogenesis in Planarians Dugesia tigrina". Russian Journal of Developmental Biology. 35 (4): 228. doi:10.1023/B:RUDO.0000036713.86633.c2.
  4. Lombardo, P.; Giustini, M.; Miccoli, F. P.; Cicolani, B. (2011). "Fine-scale differences in diel activity among nocturnal freshwater planarias (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida)". Journal of Circadian Rhythms. 9: 2. doi:10.1186/1740-3391-9-2. PMC 3094315. PMID 21477354.
  5. Hassall, C.; Hollinshead, J.; Hull, A. (2012). "Temporal dynamics of aquatic communities and implications for pond conservation" (PDF). Biodiversity and Conservation. 21 (3): 829. doi:10.1007/s10531-011-0223-9.
  6. Prados, J.; Alvarez, B.; Howarth, J.; Stewart, K.; Gibson, C. L.; Hutchinson, C. V.; Young, A. M. J.; Davidson, C. (2012). "Cue competition effects in the planarian". Animal Cognition. 16 (2): 177–186. doi:10.1007/s10071-012-0561-3. PMID 22976576.
  7. Hellmann, Lindsey; Leal-Zanchet, Ana Maria; Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes (2018). "Two new sympatric troglobitic freshwater flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Dugesiidae) from a hotspot of subterranean biodiversity in the Neotropics". Zootaxa. 4438 (3): 561–574. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4438.3.8. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 30313136.
  8. Souza, Stella; Morais, Ana Laura; Bichuette, Maria Elina; Leal-Zanchet, Ana (2016). "Two new species of freshwater flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Continenticola) from South American caves". Zootaxa. 4092 (1): 107–121. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4092.1.6. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 27394369.
  9. Souza, Stella Teles; Nunes Morais, Ana Laura; Cordeiro, Lívia Medeiros; Leal-Zanchet, Ana Maria (2015). "The first troglobitic species of freshwater flatworm of the suborder Continenticola (Platyhelminthes) from South America". ZooKeys (470): 1–16. doi:10.3897/zookeys.470.8728. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 4304035. PMID 25632242.
  10. Álvarez-Presas, M.; Baguñà, J.; Riutort, M. (2008). "Molecular phylogeny of land and freshwater planarians (Tricladida, Platyhelminthes): From freshwater to land and back". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 47 (2): 555–568. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.032. PMID 18359250.
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