Georgios Hatzianestis

Georgios Hatzianestis
Georgios Hatzianestis
	Georgios Hatzianestis
Born	3 December 1863[1]; Athens
Died	15 November 1922 (aged 58–59); Goudi, Athens; executed by firing squad
Allegiance	Kingdom of Greece
Service/branch	Army
Years of service	1884–1922
Rank	Lieutenant General
Commands held	5th Infantry Division, Army of Thrace, Army of Asia Minor
Battles/wars	Greco-Turkish War (1919–22): Battle of Dumlupınar

Georgios Hatzianestis (Greek: Γεώργιος Χατζηανέστης, 3 December 1863 – 28 November 1922) was a Greek artillery and general staff officer who rose to the rank of lieutenant general. He is best known as the commander-in-chief of the Army of Asia Minor at the time of the Turkish August 1922 offensive, which he failed to stop. Relieved, he was later tried and condemned in the Trial of the Six as one of the main culprits of the Greek defeat in the Asia Minor Campaign, and executed.

Life

Hatzianestis was born in Athens on 3 December 1863.[2] His father was Nikolaos Hatzianestis, the Prefect of Attica and Boeotia, and his mother was Maria Pitsipios, daughter of the scholar Iakovos Pitsipios.

He graduated from the Hellenic Military Academy as a second lieutenant in the Artillery on 25 July 1884 and continued his military studies in Imperial Germany.[2] After a period of service in the newly founded Hellenic Military Geographical Service, he served in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 as a staff officer of the 3rd Brigade under Col. Konstantinos Smolenskis, before assuming command of the 2nd Mountain Artillery Battery on 27 April 1897.[2] In 1904, he was one of the first officers appointed to the Staff Officers Corps, but resigned following the Goudi coup in 1909.[2] In 1912 he returned to service as a Major of the Reserves and participated in the First Balkan War (1912–13) against the Ottoman Empire as chief of staff of the 6th Infantry Division and the 5th Infantry Division, returning to the 6th Division as chief of staff in the Second Balkan War against Bulgaria.[2]

Following the Balkan Wars, Hatzianestis had his seniority restored by special legislation; disregarding his earlier three-year period of absence from the army. He was promoted to the rank of Colonel and became Director of the Hellenic Military Academy in August 1914.[2] With the Greek mobilization in 1915, he was placed in command of the 5th Infantry Division at Drama, but after a mutiny among his troops in early 1916 he was shifted to command the 15th Infantry Division.[2]

As a royalist, Hatzianestis was subsequently dismissed from the army by the Venizelists, spending the period 1917-20 abroad. He was however recommissioned following the Venzelist electoral defeat in November 1920.[2] In April 1922 he was named commander of the Army of Thrace, and on 19 May as commander of the main Greek military force, the Army of Asia Minor.[2] Shortly after his appointment Hatzianestis began to show signs of mental instability, reportedly suffering from the delusion that his legs were made of glass and easily shattered. He was unable to respond effectively to the Turkish August 1922 offensive, and was replaced on 24 August by Lt. General Georgios Polymenakos.[2]

Hatzianestis was the only military leader to be prosecuted during the Trial of the Six for his role in the Asia Minor Catastrophe. Found guilty of high treason, Hatzianestis was executed by firing squad, along with five politicians, on 15 November 1922.[2] Hatzianestis himself said "my only shame is that I commanded an army of deserters" ("Η μόνη εντροπή μου είναι ότι υπήρξα αρχιστράτηγος φυγάδων") implying that the soldiers under his command were cowards. By the last stages of the trial, he had developed serious mental problems and depression.

Sources

Note: Greece officially adopted the Gregorian calendar on 16 February 1923 (which became 1 March). All dates prior to that, unless specifically denoted, are Old Style.
Μεγάλη Στρατιωτικὴ καὶ Ναυτικὴ Ἐγκυκλοπαιδεία. Tόμος Ἔκτος: Σαράντα Ἐκκλησίαι–Ὤχρα [Great Military and Naval Encyclopaedia. Volume VI: Kirk Kilisse–Ochre] (in Greek). Athens: Ἔκδοσις Μεγάλης Στρατιωτικῆς καὶ Ναυτικῆς Ἐγκυκλοπαιδείας. 1930. p. 573. OCLC 31255024.

Military offices
Preceded by Lt. General Anastasios Papoulas	Commander-in-chief of the Army of Asia Minor 19 May – 24 August 1922	Succeeded by Lt. General Georgios Polymenakos

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[1] Note: Greece officially adopted the Gregorian calendar on 16 February 1923 (which became 1 March). All dates prior to that, unless specifically denoted, are Old Style.

[Enc-2] Μεγάλη Στρατιωτικὴ καὶ Ναυτικὴ Ἐγκυκλοπαιδεία. Tόμος Ἔκτος: Σαράντα Ἐκκλησίαι–Ὤχρα [Great Military and Naval Encyclopaedia. Volume VI: Kirk Kilisse–Ochre] (in Greek). Athens: Ἔκδοσις Μεγάλης Στρατιωτικῆς καὶ Ναυτικῆς Ἐγκυκλοπαιδείας. 1930. p. 573. OCLC 31255024.