Spiny orb-weaver

Gasteracantha (known as spiny-backed orb-weavers, spiny orb-weavers, or spiny spiders) is a genus of orb-weaver spiders first named by Carl Jakob Sundevall in 1833.[2] The females of most species are brightly colored with six prominent spines on their broad, hardened, shell-like abdomens. The name Gasteracantha is derived from the Greek gaster (γαστήρ), meaning "belly, abdomen", and akantha (άκανθα), meaning "thorn, spine".[3] Spiny-backed orb-weavers are sometimes colloquially called "crab spiders" because of their shape, but they are not closely related to the true crab spiders.[4] Other colloquial names for certain species include thorn spider,[5] star spider,[6] kite spider, or jewel spider.

Spiny orb-weaver
G. cancriformis
G. hasselti
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Araneidae
Genus: Gasteracantha
Sundevall, 1833[1]
Type species
G. cancriformis
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms[1]
  • Bunocrania Thorell, 1878
  • Paurotylus Tullgren, 1910

Members of the genus exhibit strong sexual dimorphism. Males are several times smaller than females, and they lack prominent spines or bright colors.[4][5][7]

Gasteracantha is distributed worldwide in tropical and subtropical climates. The genus is most diverse in tropical Asia, from India through Indonesia.[1] One species, G. cancriformis, occurs in the Americas.[4] Gasteracantha species are related to spine-bearing orb-weavers in several other genera (see Taxonomy and Systematics).[8]

Orb-weavers' bites are generally harmless to humans.[9]

Taxonomy and systematics

Gasteracantha has a complex taxonomic history, and many questions of species limits and distribution and generic interrelationships remain unanswered. Challenges include the variability within individual Gasteracantha species (e.g., color polymorphism and variable length and shape of spines), a lack of male specimens and descriptions for many species, missing or damaged type specimens, and ambiguous initial descriptions in 18th- and 19th-century scientific literature.[10] The 70 species currently recognized by World Spider Catalog include dozens of synonyms and subspecies, many based on literature well over 100 years old.[1]

Gasteracantha is related to several other spiny orb-weaver genera of Africa, Asia, and Australasia, many of which are monospecific:[8][10][11]

A 2019 study examining three mitochondrial and two nuclear genes found that Gasteracantha is paraphyletic with respect to Macracantha, Actinacantha, and Thelacantha. M. arcuata is allied with G. hasselti and A. globulata, while T. brevispina is closer to G. kuhli and G. diardi. The authors, however, did not propose generic reassignments based on their findings.[10]

Micrathena orb-weavers in North and South America also have hardened abdomens with variously shaped spines, but they are not closely related to Gasteracantha within the orb-weaver family.[8]

  • G. geminata in Lalbagh Botanical Garden, Bangalore, India
  • G. dalyi in Karnataka, India
  • G. quadrispinosa in Queensland, Australia
  • G. falcicornis in Mecúfi District, Mozambique
  • G. sanguinolenta in Mhlopeni Nature Reserve, Kwazulu Natal, South Africa

Species

As of August 2019 Gasteracantha contains 70 species and 33 subspecies:[1]

  • G. aciculata (Pocock, 1899) – Papua New Guinea (New Britain)
  • G. acutispina Dahl, 1914 – Indonesia (Sulawesi)
  • G. audouini Guérin, 1838 – Indonesia (Sumatra, Timor, Ambon), Philippines
  • G. aureola Mi & Peng, 2013 – China
  • G. beccarii Thorell, 1877 – Indonesia (Sulawesi)
  • G. biloba (Thorell, 1878) – Indonesia (Moluccas, Ambon)
  • G. cancriformis (Linnaeus, 1758) – North America, Central America, Caribbean, South America. Introduced to Hawaii
  • G. clarki Emerit, 1974 – Seychelles
  • G. clavatrix (Walckenaer, 1841) – Indonesia (Lombok, Sulawesi, Mentawai Is.)
  • G. clavigera Giebel, 1863 – Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia (Sulawesi)
  • G. crucigera Bradley, 1877 – Malaysia, Indonesia (Java, Borneo), New Guinea
  • G. curvispina (Guérin, 1837) – West, Central Africa
  • G. curvistyla Dahl, 1914 – Indonesia (Togian Is.)
  • G. cuspidata C. L. Koch, 1837 – Malaysia, India (Nicobar Is.), Indonesia (Java)
  • G. dalyi Pocock, 1900 – India, Pakistan
  • G. diadesmia Thorell, 1887 – India to Philippines
  • G. diardi (Lucas, 1835) – China, Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo, Indonesia (Sunda Is.)
  • G. doriae Simon, 1877 – Singapore, Indonesia (Sumatra, Borneo)
  • G. falcicornis Butler, 1873 – Africa
  • G. fasciata Guérin, 1838 – New Guinea, Guam
  • G. flava Nicolet, 1849 – Chile
  • G. fornicata (Fabricius, 1775) – Australia (Queensland)
  • G. frontata Blackwall, 1864 – India, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia (Flores, Borneo)
  • G. gambeyi Simon, 1877 – New Caledonia
  • G. geminata (Fabricius, 1798) – India, Sri Lanka
  • G. hasselti C. L. Koch, 1837 – India, China to Indonesia (Moluccas)
  • G. hecata (Walckenaer, 1841) – Philippines
  • G. interrupta Dahl, 1914 – Indonesia (Lombok, Sulawesi)
  • G. irradiata (Walckenaer, 1841) – Thailand to Philippines, Indonesia (Sulawesi)
  • G. janopol Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines
  • G. kuhli C. L. Koch, 1837 – India to Japan, Philippines
  • G. lepelletieri (Guérin, 1825) – Indonesia (Sumatra) to Philippines, New Guinea
  • G. lunata Guérin, 1838 – Timor, Indonesia (Moluccas), New Caledonia
  • G. martensi Dahl, 1914 – Indonesia (Sumatra)
  • G. mediofusca (Doleschall, 1859) – Indonesia (Java), New Guinea
  • G. mengei Keyserling, 1864 – Malaysia, Indonesia (Sumatra, Borneo)
  • G. metallica (Pocock, 1898) – Solomon Is.
  • G. milvoides Butler, 1873 – Central, East, Southern Africa
  • G. notata Kulczyński, 1910 – Papua New Guinea (New Britain)
  • G. panisicca Butler, 1873 – Myanmar to Philippines, Indonesia (Java)
  • G. parangdiadesmia Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines
  • G. pentagona (Walckenaer, 1841) – Papua New Guinea (New Ireland, New Britain)
    • Gasteracantha p. anirica Strand, 1915 – Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Arch.)
  • G. picta (Thorell, 1892) – Singapore
  • G. quadrispinosa O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1879 – New Guinea, Australia (Queensland)
  • G. recurva Simon, 1877 – Philippines
  • G. regalis Butler, 1873 – Vanuatu
  • G. remifera Butler, 1873 – India, Sri Lanka
  • G. rhomboidea Guérin, 1838 – Mauritius
    • Gasteracantha r. comorensis Strand, 1916 – Comoros, Mayotte
    • Gasteracantha r. madagascariensis Vinson, 1863 – Madagascar
  • G. rubrospinis Guérin, 1838 – Indonesia (Lombok, Sulawesi, Moluccas), New Caledonia, Guam
  • G. rufithorax Simon, 1881 – Madagascar
  • G. sacerdotalis L. Koch, 1872 – New Guinea, Australia (Queensland), New Caledonia
  • G. sanguinea Dahl, 1914 – Philippines
  • G. sanguinolenta C. L. Koch, 1844 – Africa, Yemen (mainland, Socotra), Seychelles
    • Gasteracantha s. andrefanae Emerit, 1974 – Madagascar
    • Gasteracantha s. bigoti Emerit, 1974 – Madagascar
    • Gasteracantha s. emeriti Roberts, 1983 – Seychelles (Aldabra)
    • Gasteracantha s. insulicola Emerit, 1974 – Seychelles
    • Gasteracantha s. legendrei Emerit, 1974 – Europa Is.
    • Gasteracantha s. mangrovae Emerit, 1974 – Madagascar
    • Gasteracantha s. rueppelli Strand, 1916 – Egypt
  • G. sapperi Dahl, 1914 – New Guinea
  • G. sauteri Dahl, 1914 – China, Taiwan, Vietnam
  • G. scintillans Butler, 1873 – Solomon Is.
  • G. signifera Pocock, 1898 – Solomon Is.
    • Gasteracantha s. bistrigella Strand, 1911 – Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Arch.)
    • Gasteracantha s. heterospina Strand, 1915 – Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Arch.)
    • Gasteracantha s. pustulinota Strand, 1911 – Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Arch.)
  • G. simoni O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1879 – Central Africa
  • G. sororna Butler, 1873 – India
  • G. sturi (Doleschall, 1857) – Laos, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Moluccas
  • G. subaequispina Dahl, 1914 – Borneo, New Guinea
  • G. taeniata (Walckenaer, 1841) – India to Polynesia
    • Gasteracantha t. analispina Strand, 1911 – New Guinea
    • Gasteracantha t. anirensis Strand, 1911 – Papua New Guinea (New Ireland)
    • Gasteracantha t. bawensis Strand, 1915 – New Guinea
    • Gasteracantha t. jamurensis Strand, 1915 – New Guinea
    • Gasteracantha t. lugubris Simon, 1898 – Solomon Is.
    • Gasteracantha t. maculella Strand, 1911 – Indonesia (Aru Is.)
    • Gasteracantha t. novahannoveriana Dahl, 1914 – Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Arch.)
    • Gasteracantha t. obsoletopicta Strand, 1915 – Indonesia
    • Gasteracantha t. oinokensis Strand, 1915 – New Guinea
    • Gasteracantha t. sentanensis Strand, 1915 – New Guinea
    • Gasteracantha t. trivittinota Strand, 1911 – Papua New Guinea (New Ireland)
    • Gasteracantha t. univittinota Strand, 1911 – Papua New Guinea (New Ireland)
  • G. theisi Guérin, 1838 – New Guinea, Indonesia (Moluccas)
    • Gasteracantha t. antemaculata Strand, 1911 – Indonesia (Aru Is.)
    • Gasteracantha t. keyana Strand, 1911 – Indonesia (Kei Is.)
    • Gasteracantha t. quadrisignatella Strand, 1911 – Indonesia
  • G. thomasinsulae Archer, 1951 – São Tomé and Príncipe
  • G. thorelli Keyserling, 1864 – Madagascar
  • G. tondanae Pocock, 1897 – Indonesia (Sulawesi)
  • G. transversa C. L. Koch, 1837 – Indonesia (Sumatra, Java)
  • G. unguifera Simon, 1889 – China, India
  • G. versicolor (Walckenaer, 1841) – Central, East, Southern Africa
  • G. westringi Keyserling, 1864 – Australia, Admiralty Is., New Caledonia
gollark: (x - 3) * -1 / 2.14708725e+8 * (x - 5) * (x - 7) * (x - 11) * (x - 13) * (x - 17) * (x - 19) * (x - 23) * (x - 29) + (x - 2) / 3.72736e+7 * (x - 5) * (x - 7) * (x - 11) * (x - 13) * (x - 17) * (x - 19) * (x - 23) * (x - 29) + (x - 2) * -1 / 1.3934592e+7 * (x - 3) * (x - 7) * (x - 11) * (x - 13) * (x - 17) * (x - 19) * (x - 23) * (x - 29) + (x - 2) / 1.01376e+7 * (x - 3) * (x - 5) * (x - 11) * (x - 13) * (x - 17) * (x - 19) * (x - 23) * (x - 29) + (x - 2) * -5 / 3.5831808e+7 * (x - 3) * (x - 5) * (x - 7) * (x - 13) * (x - 17) * (x - 19) * (x - 23) * (x - 29) + (x - 2) / 6.7584e+6 * (x - 3) * (x - 5) * (x - 7) * (x - 11) * (x - 17) * (x - 19) * (x - 23) * (x - 29) + (x - 2) * -1 / 1.24416e+7 * (x - 3) * (x - 5) * (x - 7) * (x - 11) * (x - 13) * (x - 19) * (x - 23) * (x - 29) + (x - 2) / 2.193408e+7 * (x - 3) * (x - 5) * (x - 7) * (x - 11) * (x - 13) * (x - 17) * (x - 23) * (x - 29) + (x - 2) * -1 / 2.322432e+8 * (x - 3) * (x - 5) * (x - 7) * (x - 11) * (x - 13) * (x - 17) * (x - 19) * (x - 29) + (x - 2) / 7.685922816e+9 * (x - 3) * (x - 5) * (x - 7) * (x - 11) * (x - 13) * (x - 17) * (x - 19) * (x - 23)
gollark: What are your 10 favourite primes?
gollark: As far as I'm aware, this generates something like O(n²) output terms.
gollark: Fine, I'll... feed it some primes? How many primes?
gollark: I mean, if you feed it enough primes to be convincing, the formula will be VERY big.

References
  1. "Gen. Gasteracantha Sundevall, 1833". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2019-08-04.
  2. Sundevall, C. J. (1833). Conspectus Arachnidum. Lund, Sweden. p. 14.
  3. "Genus Gasteracantha". BugGuide. Retrieved 2019-05-13.
  4. "Species Gasteracantha cancriformis - Spinybacked Orbweaver". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
  5. Williams, Steven. "Spiky Spiders". More than a Dodo. Oxford Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
  6. Horwell, David; Oxford, Pete (August 2005). Galápagos Wildlife (2 ed.). Chalfont St Peter, Bucks SL9 9QE, England: Bradt Travel Guides Ltd. p. 26. ISBN 9781841621005.CS1 maint: location (link)
  7. Sankaran, Pradeep M.; Jobi, Malamel J.; Sebastian, Pothalil A. (February 2015). "Redescription of the orb-weaving spider Gasteracantha geminata (Fabricius, 1798) (Araneae, Araneidae)". Zootaxa. 3915 (1): 147–150. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3915.1.10. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
  8. Scharff, Nikolaj; Coddington, Jonathan A.; Blackledge, Todd A.; Agnarsson, Ingi; Framenau, Volker W.; Szűts, Tamás; Hayashi, Cheryl Y.; Dimitrov, Dimitar (23 April 2019). "Phylogeny of the orb‐weaving spider family Araneidae (Araneae: Araneoidea)". Cladistics. doi:10.1111/cla.12382. hdl:1956/22200.
  9. "Urban Spider Chart".
  10. Tan, Ji; Chan, Zi Yang; Ong, Ching Ang; Yong, Hoi Sen (14 February 2019). "Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orb-weavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia" (PDF). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 67: 32–55. doi:10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
  11. Pickard-Cambridge, O. (1897). "On some new and little-known spiders (Araneidae)". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 64 (4, for 1896): 1006–1012. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1896.tb03096.x.
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