G.729

G.729 is a royalty-free[1] narrow-band vocoder-based audio data compression algorithm using a frame length of 10 milliseconds. It is officially described as Coding of speech at 8 kbit/s using code-excited linear prediction speech coding (CS-ACELP), and was introduced in 1996.[2] The wide-band extension of G.729 is called G.729.1, which equals G.729 Annex J.

Because of its low bandwidth requirements, G.729 is mostly used in voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) applications when bandwidth must be conserved. Standard G.729 operates at a bit rate of 8 kbit/s, but extensions provide rates of 6.4 kbit/s (Annex D, F, H, I, C+) and 11.8 kbit/s (Annex E, G, H, I, C+) for worse and better speech quality, respectively.

G.729 has been extended with various features, commonly designated as G.729a and G.729b:

  • G.729: This is the original codec using a high-complexity algorithm.
  • G.729A or A annex: This version has a medium complexity, and is compatible with G.729. It provides a slightly lower voice quality.
  • G.729B or B annex: This version extends G.729 with silence suppression, and is not compatible with the previous versions.
  • G.729AB: This version extends G.729A with silence suppression, and is only compatible with G.729B.
  • G.729.1 or J annex: This version extends G.729A and B with scalable variable encoding using hierarchical enhancement layers. It provides support for wideband speech and audio, using modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) coding.[3]

Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling (DTMF), fax transmissions, and high-quality audio cannot be transported reliably with this codec. DTMF requires the use of the named telephony events in the RTP payload for DTMF digits, telephony tones, and telephony signals as specified in RFC 4733.

G.729 annexes
FunctionalityG.729 Annexes [4]
-ABCDEFGHIC+J
Low complexityXX
Fixed-pointXXXXXXXXXX
Floating-pointXX
8 kbit/sXXXXXXXXXXXX
6.4 kbit/sXXXXX
11.8 kbit/sXXXXX
DTXXXXXX
Embedded
variable bit rate,
wideband		X

G.729 Annex A

G.729a is a compatible extension of G.729, but requires less computational power. This lower complexity, however, bears the cost of marginally reduced speech quality.

G.729a was developed by a consortium of organizations: France Télécom, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT).

The features of G.729a are:

  • Sampling frequency 8 kHz/16-bit (80 samples for 10 ms frames)
  • Fixed bit rate (8 kbit/s 10 ms frames)
  • Fixed frame size (10 bytes (80 bits) for 10 ms frame)
  • Algorithmic delay is 15 ms per frame, with 5 ms look-ahead delay
  • G.729a is a hybrid speech coder which uses Algebraic Code Excited Linear Prediction (ACELP)
  • The complexity of the algorithm is rated at 15, using a relative scale where G.711 is 1 and G.723.1 is 25.
  • PSQM testing under ideal conditions yields mean opinion scores of 4.04 for G.729a, compared to 4.45 for G.711 (μ-law)
  • PSQM testing under network stress yields mean opinion scores of 3.51 for G.729a, compared to 4.13 for G.711 (μ-law)

Some VoIP phones incorrectly use the description "G729a/8000" in SDP (e.g. this affects some Cisco and Linksys phones). This is incorrect as G729a is an alternative method of encoding the audio, but still generates data decodable by either G729 or G729a - i.e. there is no difference in terms of codec negotiation. Since the SDP RFC allows static payload types to be overridden by the textual rtpmap description this can cause problems calling from these phones to endpoints adherring to the RFC unless the codec is renamed in their settings since they will not recognise 'G729a' as 'G729' without a specific workaround in place for the bug.

G.729 Annex B

G.729 has been extended in Annex B (G.729b) which provides a silence compression method that enables a voice activity detection (VAD) module. It is used to detect voice activity in the signal. It also includes a discontinuous transmission (DTX) module which decides on updating the background noise parameters for non speech (noisy frames). It uses 2-byte Silence Insertion Descriptor (SID) frames transmitted to initiate comfort noise generation (CNG). If transmission is stopped, and the link goes quiet because of no speech, the receiving side might assume that the link has been cut. By inserting comfort noise, analog hiss is simulated digitally during silence to assure the receiver that the link is active and operational.

G.729 Annex J (G.729.1)
Main article: G.729.1

G.729 Annex J, maintained by G.729.1, provides support for wideband speech and audio. Introduced in 2006,[3] it defines variable bit-rate wideband enhancement using up to 12 hierarchical layers. The core layer is an 8 kbit/s G.729 bitstream, the second layer is a 4 kbit/s narrowband enhancement layer, and the third 2 kibt/s layer is a bandwidth enhancement layer. Further layers provide wideband enhancement in 2 kbit/s steps. The G.729.1 uses three-stage coding: embedded code-excited linear prediction (CELP) coding of the lower band, parametric coding of the higher band by Time-Domain Bandwidth Extension (TDBWE), and enhancement of the full band by a predictive transform coding algorithm called time-domain aliasing cancellation (TDAC), also known as modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) coding.[3] Bit rate and the obtained quality are adjustable by simple bitstream truncation.

Licensing

As of January 1, 2017, the patent terms of most licensed patents under the G.729 Consortium have expired, the remaining unexpired patents are usable on a royalty-free basis.[5] G.729 includes patents from several companies which were until the expiry licensed by Sipro Lab Telecom, the authorized Intellectual Property Licensing Administrator for G.729 technology and patent pool.[6][7][8][9]

Past patent litigation

AIM IP LLC, a California Limited Liability Company based in Mission Viejo, CA[10] filed 17 patent infringement lawsuits[11] in the Central District Courts of California accusing 22 different companies, including, Cisco Systems, Polycom and others of infringing U.S. Patent No. 5,920,853.[12][13] The '853 patent was filed at the United States Patent and Trademark Office in 1996 by Rockwell International. The inventors listed on the '853 patent are Benyassine Adil, Su Huan-Yu and Shlomot Eyal.[14]

In 2000, the '853 patent was assigned by Rockwell International to Conexant Systems,[15] an American-based software developer and fabless semiconductor company, which began as a division of Rockwell before being spun-off as its own public company.[16] In 2010, the '853 patent was sold by Conexant Systems to AIM IP LLC, a California Limited Liability Company based in Mission Viejo.[15]

The '853 patent contains patent claims which cover lookup tables used in G.729. The patent has since expired and is no longer in force due to its patent term expiring.[17]

RTP payload type

G.729 is assigned the static payload type 18 for RTP by IANA.[18] The rtpmap parameter description for this payload type is "G729/8000".

Both G.729a and G.729b use the same rtpmap description as G.729. G.729a and G.729b are indicated using annexb=no or annexb=yes, respectively. G.729 Annex B (G.729b) is the default in absence of parameter annexb in the Session Description Protocol.[19]

gollark: New x86 instruction: `SFNFW7L - Search For Nearby Fabs With 7nm Lithography`.
gollark: *Does* it block you from doing so? You have free time, no?
gollark: You can, you see, learn things without going through formal education.
gollark: Unlikely. You can probably do some sort of useful stuff.
gollark: Or you could provide a useful thing for osmarks.tk.

See also

References
  1. Michael Graves (March 6, 2017). "It's Official! The patents on G.729 have expired".
  2. International Telecommunications Union, Standardization Sector (ITU-T), Study Group 15 (1993-1996), Recommendation G.729, March 1996.
  3. Nagireddi, Sivannarayana (2008). VoIP Voice and Fax Signal Processing. John Wiley & Sons. p. 69. ISBN 9780470377864.
  4. ITU-T (January 2007). "G.729 : Coding of speech at 8 kbit/s using conjugate-structure algebraic-code-excited linear prediction (CS-ACELP)" (PDF): i. Retrieved 2009-07-21. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. Sipro Lab Telecom (2017-01-28). "About G.729". Archived from the original on 2017-02-02.
  6. "Sipro Lab Telecom Website". Archived from the original on 2012-12-25. Retrieved 2007-03-31.
  7. VoiceAge Corporation (2007-10-14). "G.729 Licensing". Archived from the original on 2007-10-14. Retrieved 2009-09-17.
  8. Sipro Lab Telecom (2007-10-25). "FAQ G.729 and G.723.1". Archived from the original on 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2009-09-17.
  9. Sipro Lab Telecom (2006-10-29). "G.729 IPR Pool". Archived from the original on 2006-10-29. Retrieved 2009-09-17.
  10. "Business Search - Results". Business Search - Business Entities - Business Programs | California Secretary of State.
  11. "Patent US 5,920,853 A".
  12. "RPX Litigation Search".
  13. "Aim Ip LLC v. Cisco Systems Inc et. al. patent lawsuit". Archived from the original on February 1, 2014.
  14. "United States Patent: 5920853".
  15. "Assignment abstract of title for Application 08702780".
  16. Mark Lapedus (November 10, 1998). "Rockwell Semi spin-off Conexant will target communications IC market". EE Times.
  17. "US5920853A - Signal compression using index mapping technique for the sharing of quantization tables". Google Patents.
  18. "Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) Parameters". Iana.org. Retrieved 2013-09-18.
  19. S. Casner, P. Hoschka (July 2003). "MIME Type Registration of RTP Payload Formats". Retrieved 2013-02-27.
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