g-suit

A g-suit, or the more accurately named anti-g suit, is a flight suit worn by aviators and astronauts who are subject to high levels of acceleration force (g). It is designed to prevent a black-out and g-LOC (g-induced loss of consciousness) caused by the blood pooling in the lower part of the body when under acceleration, thus depriving the brain of blood.[1] Black-out and g-LOC have caused a number of fatal aircraft accidents.[2]

MSF830 Anti-g Suit trousers and cummerbund fitted over a flying suit

Operation

If blood is allowed to pool in the lower areas of the body, the brain will be deprived of blood, leading to temporary hypoxia. Hypoxia first causes a greyout (a dimming of the vision), also called brownout, followed by tunnel vision and ultimately complete loss of vision 'blackout' followed by g-induced Loss Of Consciousness or 'g-LOC'. The danger of g-LOC to aircraft pilots is magnified because on relaxation of g there is a period of disorientation before full sensation is re-gained. A g-suit does not so much increase the g-threshold, but makes it possible to sustain high g longer without excessive physical fatigue. The resting g-tolerance of a typical person is anywhere from 3–5 g depending on the person. A g-suit will typically add 1 g of tolerance to that limit. Pilots still need to practice the 'g-straining maneuver' that consists of tensing the abdominal muscles in order to tighten blood vessels so as to reduce blood pooling in the lower body. High g is not comfortable, even with a g-suit. In older fighter aircraft, 6 g was considered a high level, but with modern fighters 9 g or more can be sustained structurally making the pilot the critical factor in maintaining high maneuverability in close aerial combat.

Design

A g-suit is a special garment and generally takes the form of tightly-fitting trousers, which fit either under or over (depending on the design) the flight suit worn by the aviator or astronaut. The trousers are fitted with inflatable bladders which, when pressurized through a g-sensitive valve in the aircraft or spacecraft, press firmly on the abdomen and legs, thus restricting the draining of blood away from the brain during periods of high acceleration. In addition, in some modern very high-g aircraft, the Anti-g suit effect is augmented by a small amount of pressure applied to the lungs (partial pressure breathing), which also enhances resistance to high G. The effects of anti-g suits and partial pressure breathing are straightforward to replicate in a simulator, although only continuous g can be produced artificially in devices such as centrifuges.[3]

Various designs of g-suit have been developed. They first used water-filled bladders around the lower body and legs. Later designs used air under pressure to inflate the bladders. These g-suits were lighter than the liquid-filled versions and are still in extensive use. However, the Swiss company Life Support Systems AG and the German Autoflug collaborated to design the new Libelle suit for use with the Eurofighter Typhoon aircraft, which reverts to liquid as the medium and improves on performance. The Libelle suit is under consideration for adoption by the United States Air Force.[4]

History

As early as 1917, there were documented cases of pilots' loss of consciousness due to g (G-LOC) that were referred to as "fainting in the air".[5][6]

In 1931 a professor of physiology, Frank Cotton, from the University of Sydney described a new way of determining the center of gravity of the human body. This made it possible to describe the displacement of mass within the body under acceleration.[7]. Cotton had recognised the need for an anti-gravity suit during the 1940 Battle of Britain. It was estimated that 30% of pilot deaths were due to accidents, including black-out. Spitfires, in particular, were capable of rapid turns that generated high g-forces, causing black-out when diving to avoid or deliver enemy fire.[8]

With the development of higher speed monoplane fighters in the late 1930s, acceleration forces during combat became more severe.[6][9] As early as 1940 some aircraft had foot-rests above the rudder pedals so that the pilot's feet and legs could be raised during combat in an attempt to minimize the negative effects of high speed turns. Large rudder deflections were often not necessary during such manoeuvres, but being able to cut inside the opponent's turning radius was.

Franks G-Suit

The first g-suits[10] were developed by a team led by Wilbur R. Franks at the University of Toronto's Banting and Best Medical Institute in 1941.[11] The suits were manufactured by the Dunlop company and first used operationally in 1942 by the Fleet Air Arm (FAA) during Operation Torch.[12] These devices used water filled bladders around the legs and two 'Mk.' versions (or Marks) were developed:

Cotton Aerodynamic Anti-G Flying Suit

Professor Frank Cotton of Sydney University, Australia, designed the world's first successful gas-operated anti-G suit.[13] Research commenced late in 1940, and a suit was designed with rubber sacs covered externally by inextensible material. The sacs automatically inflated when G forces increased during flying. The suit was developed at the Sydney Medical School. Cotton constructed the first human centrifuge in the Anderson Stuart Building at Sydney University under tight wartime security. The volunteers, young airmen, were strapped by their legs to the centrifuge and subjected to high g-force and monitored until black-out occurred. All lost consciousness. On February 19, 1942, the day of the major Japanese air attack on Darwin, Cotton's suit was approved by the Allied war chiefs. The Americans soon issued orders for manufacture of a suit based on Cotton's design.[14] The Cotton suit was later flight-tested in a Hurricane, Kittyhawks, and Spitfires and provided about 2G protection. The Royal Air Force ran competitive trials of the Cotton Anti-G suit with the Frank G-Suit that was already adopted in 1944. The Royal Air Force concluded that: "There is no doubt the Cotton Suit gives the best protection." The Cotton suit's use of gas-inflatable bladders is still used in the modern anti-G suit.[13]

'Berger' Gradient Pressure Suit

In the United States, physiologists Drs. Earl H. Wood, Edward Baldes, Charles Code and Edward Lambert, working in a top secret research lab at the Mayo Clinic, helped to define the specific physiologic effects causing blackout and unconsciousness during high G forces. Based upon their new understanding of the physiologic effects of high G-forces, they developed a more practical G-suit derived from the work of Cotton and Franks. This suit used inflation like the Cotton suit. While Professor Cotton's design was intriguing, he was more focused on center of gravity than on blood flow. This latter point was the key to making a practical anti-g suit that could be worn in combat.[11] This suit was worn by US pilots towards the end of the World War II.[10][15][16][17][18]

The researchers were part of a team assembled at the Mayo Clinic investigating the effects of high performance flight on military pilots, by studying physiological effects of flight and how to mitigate them. They used a large centrifuge to whirl riders and observe their blood pressures at the head and heart levels with special instruments. To prevent drops in blood pressure, the team designed an air bladder suit that inflated at the pilot's calves, thighs and abdomen.[19] A primary contribution, allowing for the shift from pulsatile water filled bladders to non-pulsatile air filled bladders, made by the Mayo investigators was to show that maintenance of arterial pressure rather than venous return was required to maintain perfusion of the eyes and brain.[20] Prototypes of the GPS suits were known as the "arterial Occlusion Suit" (AOS) or the Clark-Wood suit, named after Earl H. Wood and Dave Clark (head of the Dave Clark company who fabricated the early suits for the team at Mayo)[21]

Their efforts finally culminated with the release of the first US military design in late 1943: the GPS (Gradient Pressure Suit) type fighter pilot's G-1 anti-g-suit.[22] The team subsequently worked on developing further, more advanced models in 1944 and beyond.[22]

Although uncomfortable and distracting to use, later research showed that military fighter pilots who wore g-suits survived and defeated their opponents in greater numbers than those who didn't.[18]

Modern g-Suits meet the United States Air Force Standard CSU-13B/P and United States Navy Standard CSU 15 A/P.

Uses

Prone pilot position aircraft

During World War II the German Henschel Hs 132 (never flew) and the US Northrop XP-79 (crashed on first powered flight) jets both had prone positions to minimize blood pooling in the legs.[23] After 1945 the British experimented with prone flying positions in a highly modified Gloster Meteor F8 jet fighter and the Reid and Sigrist R.S.3 "Bobsleigh" a piston engined trainer. However, other difficulties associated with prone piloting and the development of practical g-suits for normal seating positions terminated these experiments.

Military aviation and space

Air-based g-suits were very common in NATO aircraft of all nations from the 1950s onwards and are still in common use today.

Later jets such as the F-15 Eagle, F-16 Fighting Falcon, F/A-18 Super Hornet, Eurofighter Typhoon and the Dassault Rafale can sustain high g loads for longer periods, and are therefore more physically demanding. By using a modern g-suit in combination with anti-g strain techniques, a trained pilot is now expected to endure accelerations of up to nine g without blacking out.

Astronauts wear g-suits similar to aviators but face different challenges due to the effects of microgravity. Aviator g-suits apply uniform pressure to the lower legs to minimize the effects of high acceleration but research from the Canadian Space Agency[24] implies there might be a benefit in having a suit for astronauts that uses a "milking action" to increase blood flow to the upper body.

Red Bull Air Race

Pilots in Red Bull Air Race World Championship have worn a g-suit called g-Race Suit since the 2009 season. The g-race suit is a liquid (water) filled, autonomous and aircraft independent working full-body g-protection system. It is tailor-made for each pilot and can be fine adjusted via lacings.

The g-race suit contains four so-called "fluid muscles" which are sealed, liquid-filled tubes. Each fluid muscle extends from the shoulder to the ankle. Two fluid muscles – each filled with approximately 1 litre of fluid for a total of around 4 litres (1.1 US gal) per g-race suit – are routed vertically on the front side of the g-race suit and two are routed vertically on the rear side of the g-race suit. The suit weighs on average 6.5 kilograms (14 lb) in total, and its fabric is made out of a special mix of Twaron and Nomex. The counter pressure effect occurs instantaneously without any time delay versus an up to two second delay before reaching full system protection in standard pneumatic, inflatable g-suits. The race pilot utilizes the g-race suit interactively by muscle straining and breathing techniques to achieve an improved cardiac output and thus improved G-protection.[25]

gollark: But there is absolutely no chance that they have developed something 3 times faster at single-threaded workloads than the already rather good M1.
gollark: I think they have 8 high performance cores versus 4 or so before, so it is at least plausibly somewhat over twice as powerful at that.
gollark: That's obviously not true except possibly in multicore.
gollark: How would *that* happen?
gollark: They biased it heavily toward singlecore when AMD started releasing high core count things cheaply.

See also

References
  1. Balldin, Ulf I (2002). "33". Acceleration effects on fighter pilots. In: Medical conditions of Harsh Environments. 2. Washington, DC: Borden Institute. Archived from the original on 2009-01-11. Retrieved 2009-04-06.
  2. Amos, Smith, "Report: Blue Angels pilot became disoriented" Archived 2009-02-03 at the Wayback Machine, Military Times, January 16, 2008.
  3. "The G-Suit". www.456fis.org. Retrieved 2020-05-07.
  4. "Informationsseite – DENIC eG". www.autofluglibelle.de.
  5. Head, Henry (1920). "The sense of stability and balance in the air". In: Milford H, ed. The medical problems of flying. London: Oxford University Press.
  6. Burton RR (January 1988). "G-induced loss of consciousness: definition, history, current status". Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 59 (1): 2–5. PMID 3281645.
  7. Wh, Brook (February 1990). "The Development of the Australian anti-G Suit". Aviation, space, and environmental medicine. PMID 2178602. Retrieved 2020-06-05.
  8. "Champion athlete, inventor of the Cotton anti-g suit and pioneer of sports science" (PDF). sydney.edu.au.
  9. Rook AF, Dawson DJ (1938). "Hypotension and flying". Lancet. 232 (2): 1503–10. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)83970-7.
  10. Wood, EH (Jul 1987). "Development of anti-G suits and their limitations". Aviat Space Environ Med. 58 (7): 699–706. PMID 3304268.
  11. "The Anti-G Suit ‹ HistoricWings.com :: A Magazine for Aviators, Pilots and Adventurers". fly.historicwings.com.
  12. https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1961/1961%20-%200160.html
  13. Brook, WH (Feb 1990). "The development of the Australian anti-G suit". Aviat Space Environ Med. 61 (2): 176–82. PMID 2178602.
  14. "Champion athlete, inventor of the Cotton anti-g suit and pioneer of sports science" (PDF). sydney.edu.au.
  15. Wood, EH; Lambert, EH (1946). "The effect of anti-blackout suits on blood pressure changes produced on the human centrifuge". Fed Proc. 5: 115. PMID 21066536.
  16. {cite journal | pmid = 3778400 | volume=57 | title=Contributions of aeromedical research to flight and biomedical science | year=1986 | journal=Aviat Space Environ Med | pages=A13–23 | last1 = Wood | first1 = EH}}. Erratum in: Aviat Space Environ Med 1987 Jul;58(7):706.
  17. Wood, EH (Feb 1987). "Development of methods for prevention of acceleration induced blackout and unconsciousness in World War II fighter pilots. Limitations: present and future". Physiologist. 30: S27–30. PMID 3550843.
  18. Bonde, Bill; Bonde, Karen. Inventing the G-suit: The Life Story of Dr. Earl Wood.
  19. Wood, EH; Lambert, EH (September 1946). et al. "Effects of acceleration in relation to aviation". Fed Proc. 5: 327–344. PMID 20999477.
  20. Wood, EH (Sep 1987). "Some effects of the force environment on the heart, lungs and circulation". Clin Invest Med. 10 (5): 401–27. PMID 3315363.
  21. Sweeting, CG (2015) United States Army Aviator’s Equipment, 1917–1945. McFarland Publishers ISBN 978-0786497379.
  22. Pitta, Robert & Fannell, Jeff & Rottman, Gordon & Windrow, Martin & McCouaig, Simon (1993) US Army Air Force, Osprey Publishing, 1993, ISBN 978-1-85532-295-0
  23. "Proned pilots – Nest of Dragons". www.nestofdragons.net.
  24. "Canadian Space Agency". space.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2005-12-04.
  25. "New Anti G-Race Suit". RedBullAirRace.com. 2009. Archived from the original on 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2009-07-14.
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