Frosty Leo Nebula

The Frosty Leo Nebula is a protoplanetary nebula (PPN) located roughly at 10,000 light-years (Davis et al. 2005) away from Earth in the direction of the constellation Leo. It is a spectral[4] bipolar nebula. Its central star is of optical spectral type K7II,[2] by itself called Frosty Leo.[5] It is unusual in that it has an extremely deep absorption feature at 3.1 µm and is unusually located at more than 900 pc above the plane of our galaxy.(Bourke et al. 2000) Further, as of 1990, it has the only known PPN circumstellar outflow in which crystalline ice dominates the long-wavelength emission spectrum and the only known PPN with point-reflection-symmetric deviations from axial symmetry.[6]

Frosty Leo Nebula
Reflection nebula
Protoplanetary nebula
Observation data: J2000 epoch
Right ascension 09h 39m 53.96s[1]
Declination+11° 58′ 52.4″[1]
Distance10,000[2] ly   (3,000 pc)
Apparent magnitude (V)11[3]
Apparent dimensions (V)25″[4]
ConstellationLeo
Notable featuresCrystalline Ice, Point
Reflection Symmetry
DesignationsIRAS 09371+1212[1]

Characteristics

The Frosty Leo Nebula has two lobes that are separated by 2″ between which is an almost edge-on dust ring.[6] It also has two relatively faint but prominent compact nebulosities, or ansae, separated by ~23″ along the polar axis of the PPN.[6] The PPN as a whole has an hourglass like shape. It has an inclination angle of 15° relative to the plane of the sky.[2] Its molecular envelope is expanding at a rate of ~25 km/s.[7]

Observation history

This PPN was first noticed in the IRAS survey due to its exceptionally cold IRAS color temperatures.[6] It also has a uniquely sharp maximum at 60-μM.[7]

Point symmetry

It is the first bipolar PPN known to have point reflection symmetry (all others being axially symmetric).[6] Point symmetry is a fairly common trait of planetary nebulae as found in NGC 2022, NGC 2371-2, NGC 6309, Cat's Eye Nebula, NGC 6563, Dumbbell Nebula, Saturn Nebula, A24, and Hb5.[6] Morris & Reipurth 1990 postulate that point symmetry is either due to the bipolar outflow being directed by a precessing disc or a precessing common envelope binary.

Naming

Forveille et al. 1987 dubbed IRAS 09371+1212 as the "Frosty Leo Nebula" because of their interpretation of the object's extremely unusual far infrared spectrum that water is largely depleted in its gaseous state by ice condensation into grains and for its location in the Leo constellation. Their interpretation was subsequently verified in 1988 by three independent papers.[6] Omont et al. 1990 further observed in the band between 35 and 65 μM that very cold (<50 K) silicate dust grains, abundantly coated with crystalline ice, are responsible for the 60-μM excess.[6]

Notes
  1. (SIMBAD 2007)
  2. (Davis et al. 2005)
  3. (Beuzit et al. 1994)
  4. (Omont et al. 1990)
  5. K-band image of the peculiar star Frosty Leo, in image gallery of ESO
  6. (Morris & Reipurth 1990)
  7. (Forveille et al. 1987)
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References
  • Beuzit, J.-L.; Thebault, P.; Perrin, G.; Rouan, D. (November 1994), "Adaptive optics imaging of the Frosty Leo nebula", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 291 (1): L1–L4, Bibcode:1994A&A...291L...1B, ISSN 0004-6361
  • Bourke, Tyler; Hyland, A. R.; Robinson, Garry; Luhman, Kevin (2000), "The Evolutionary Status of the Frosty Leo Nebula", in J. H. Kastner; N. Soker; S. Rappaport (eds.), Asymmetrical Planetary Nebulae II: From Origins to Microstructures, ASP Conference Series, 199, p. 171, arXiv:astro-ph/9909500, Bibcode:2000ASPC..199..171B, ISBN 1-58381-026-9
  • Davis, C. J.; Smith, M. D.; Gledhill, T. M.; Varricatt, W. P. (2005), "Near-infrared echelle spectroscopy of protoplanetary nebulae: probing the fast wind in H2", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 360 (1): 104–118, arXiv:astro-ph/0503327, Bibcode:2005MNRAS.360..104D, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09018.x
  • Forveille, T.; Morris, M.; Omont, A.; Likkel, L. (April 1987), "IRAS 09371+1212 - an icy evolved, mass-losing star with a unique IR spectrum", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 176 (1): L13–L16, Bibcode:1987A&A...176L..13F, ISSN 0004-6361
  • Morris, Mark; Reipurth, Bo (April 1990), "The optical form of the bipolar preplanetary nebula IRAS 09371 + 1212", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 102: 446–453, Bibcode:1990PASP..102..446M, doi:10.1086/132653, ISSN 0004-6280
  • Omont, A.; Forveille, T.; Moseley, S. H.; Glaccum, W. J.; Harvey, P. M.; Likkel, L.; Loewenstein, R. F.; Lisse, C. M. (May 20, 1990), "Observations of 40-70 micron bands of ice in IRAS 09371 + 1212 and other stars", Astrophysical Journal Letters, 355: L27–L30, Bibcode:1990ApJ...355L..27O, doi:10.1086/185730, ISSN 0004-637X
  • SIMBAD (January 7, 2007), Results for Frosty Leo Nebula, SIMBAD, Centre de Données Astronomiques de Strasbourg
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