Fondul Proprietatea

Fondul Proprietatea is a joint-stock company established by the Romanian state, and is intended to become entirely private and independent from the state. Its specificity lies in the fact that its purpose and its operations are governed by special legislation. Shareholders are limited to those dispossessed owners of their property by the Romanian state during the Communist regime.

Fondul Proprietatea S.A.
Societate pe Acțiuni
Traded asBVB: FP
IndustryInvestment management
Founded2005
Headquarters
Romania 
Revenue RON 871.8 million (2012)
RON 567.0 million (2012)
Websitewww.fondulproprietatea.ro

Origin

Romania is a country of the former Eastern Soviet bloc where a very large number of properties (factories, enterprises, houses, apartments, buildings, churches and lands) have been nationalised by the communist government. The state would appropriate by decrees, the most important being decree nr 92 of 1950,[1] more than 400,000 buildings, around 150,000 of them having been demolished during the following 40 years.[2] In 1995, under the presidency of Ion Iliescu, a law [3] allowed tenants to buy from the Romanian State, at very low cost, real estates built before 1945 that had been nationalised, thus preventing previous owners from recovering those properties. The complex legal situation that has resulted has led to an attempt to compensate the former owners, to whom the state was unable to restore previous property, through the foundation of the Proprietatea fund. Figures between 150,000 and 250,000 concerned property owners - only for real estate - are frequently used by associations or newspapers but no verifiable official statistic is available.

Created on November 24, 2005 by law 247/2005 [4] in Romania, Fondul Proprietatea or Property fund is a fund that collects a part of the debts that other countries owe to Romania. It also contains shares of certain state companies.

The distributed shares constitute reparations to the owners (or descendants) whose properties had been nationalised between 1945 and 1989 and were unable to recover their properties after 1989 due to various causes.

According to the website site of the fund,[5] Romania would be the only eastern country trying to compensate at a fair value the people who have been dispossessed by the communist regime.

Company, capital and corporate purpose [6]

S.C. Fondul “Proprietatea ” S.A. was established to assure the financial resources necessary to compensate the persons abusively expropriated. The compensation is made in shares, representing the actual value of the real estates which are not given back in kind. Following the fulfillment of some strictly law determined stages, the titleholders of the rights of compensation will become shareholders of Fondul Proprietatea.

  • Fondul Proprietatea is a joint stock company, established in accordance with the provisions of Title VII of law 247/2005,[4] GOVERNMENTAL DECISION 1481/2005 and of Law no. 31/1990. Fondul Proprietatea is a corporate body from the registration date at the Trade Register Office besides the Court of Bucharest.
  • It is a private fund which does not get any finance from the State budget. However, until very recently, its management and board was chosen by the Government of Romania.
  • The main objective is to create profit for its shareholders.
  • Means to achieve this objective: judicial administration of the assets.
  • Last available information on the portfolio (June 2009):
- 88 companies in portfolio.
- Subscribed social capital: 13,652,546,092 RON.
- Number of shareholders: 2,471 private shareholders; their shares represent 33,99 % of the capital. The Main shareholder is the Economy and Finance Minister.
  • The initial share capital has been constitute with funds resulted from:
- debts cashing
- recovery of some rights of Romania, which arise from commercial and international cooperation agreements
- the activity of some of the state shares alienation, held at a series of commercial companies.
  • Share capital will be gradually increased, according as the cashing of these amounts, as well as by reference to the estimated value of the compensations granted.
  • The nominal value of a shares issued by Fondul Proprietatea is 1 RON. The unique initial shareholder is the Romanian State.

Management

Until the appointment of a selected administration, the fund has been managed provisionally by the Ministry of Public Finance through the Board of Supervisors. After selecting through an international public tender, a management company will take over the powers of the administrator of the Fund property. Following a tender selection process, a Selection Commission has recently designed "on June 9, 2009 Franklin Templeton Investment Management Ltd as the manager of the fund."[7]

Structure of the shareholders
  • On 31 October 2019[8]
Shareholder type % of subscribed share capital % of paid-up share capital % of total voting rights
The Bank of New York Mellon 27.69 29.08 30.67
Romanian institutional shareholders 25.65 26.94 28.41
Romanian private individuals 17.92 18.82 19.85
Foreign institutional shareholders 16.03 16.83 17.75
Foreign private individuals 2.90 3.05 3.22
Ministry of Public Finance 4.87 0.09 0.10
Treasury Shares 4.94 5.19 0.00
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00

Portfolio structure

By the end of December 2008, the portfolio total value was evaluated around 16,498,879,195 RON (5,497,793,800 USD or 3,911,350,421 €). In June 2009, the available information regarding 90% of the portfolio value is as follows:

  • Stock-Exchange (Bucharest) listed Companies:
Name % of the share capital held on 31/12/2008 Market value on the Valuation date Valuation date % of the portfolio
OMV PETROM S.A. 20.11% 5,408,000,000 30-June-08 32,78%
Alro S.A. 9.93% 507,000,000 30-June-08 3,07%
Transgaz S.A. 14.99% 365,000,000 30-June-08 2,21%
Transelectrica S.A. 13.50% 283,000,000 30-June-08 1,72%
TOTAL ns 6,563,000,000 30-June-08
  • Unlisted companies:
Name % of the share capital held on 31/12/2008 Market value on the Valuation date Valuation date % of the portfolio
Hidroelectrica S.A. 19.94% 2,890,469,000 31-Dec-07 17,52%
Nuclearelectrica S.A. 17.21% 991,696,873 31-Dec-07 6,01%
Romgaz S.A. 14.99% 815,123,000 30-June-08 4,94%
CEZ Distribuție S.A. 30.00% 696,400,000 31-Dec-07 4,22%
Complexul Energetic Turceni S.A. 24.93% 364,165,000 30-Sep-08 2,21%
Enel Distribuție Muntenia S.A. 12.00% 321,871,900 30-Sep-08 1,95%
Poșta Română S.A. 25.00% 307,250,000 30-June-08 1,86%
Distrigaz Sud S.A. 12.00% 285,434,000 30-Sep-08 1,73%
Electrica Distribuție Transilvania Nord S.A. 22.00% 267844000 30-June-08 1,62%
E.ON Moldova Distribuție S.A. 22.00% 262186000 31-Dec-08 1,59%
Complexul Energetic Craiova S.A. 24.98% 260,901,600 31-Aug-08 1,58%
Electrica Distributie Muntenia Nord S.A. 22.00% 241,029,000 30-June-08 1,46%
ENEL Distribuție Banat S.A. 24.13% 230,300,000 31-Dec-07 1,40%
Complexul Energetic Rovinari S.A. 23.73% 224,117,000 30-Sep-08 1,36%
Electrica Distribuție Transilvania Sud S.A. 22.00% 220,865,000 30-June-08 1,34%
TOTAL ns 8,379,652,373 ns

Compensation scheme [6]
  • The shares issued by Fondul Proprietatea will be transferred, free of charge, to the titleholders of compensation issued on the date of the Fund establishment, to their subsequent holders, or to the persons compensated by the decisions issued after the establishment of the fund. The number of the shares transferred will be set by reference to the value of the compensation securities held.
  • The shares of Fondul Proprietatea will be freely sold by their titleholders, on regulated markets. For this purpose, Fondul Proprietatea will initiate the legal procedure to admit the shares for transaction on the market operated by Bucharest Stock Exchange. By the capitalization of the shares - either by their sale, or by receiving annual dividends resulted from the activity developed by Fondul Proprietatea -, the effective compensation will be accomplished for the former owners of the nationalized real estates, which could not be given back in kind.

Effectiveness of the fund and challenges
  • The fund has been experiencing serious management difficulties, delays [9] and scandals [10] since its creation. This fund is also widely disputed by the beneficiaries and all owners associations,[11] considering it is not a real compensation scheme since the shares cannot be properly sold on the market and that it is insufficient in size.[12] It has been also criticized by the press, the civil society or political parties in Romania.[13] It appears [14] that the fund is still not in a position to compensate anyone,[15] mainly because it cannot be floated in the financial market and for the weak amount of money that the Romanian State makes available for the fund.[16] In 2009, according to many newspapers and commentators, the image of the fund and of the State of Romania has been seriously tarnished by the long series of issues and failures.[17]
  • In fact, the fund has been liquid for the victims only once, for a very limited amount: 500,000 Lei (around 166,500 USD or 118,778.80 Euros) for each owner, whatever the extent of injury, and for a very limited time (within 6 months from 1 October 2007 [18] ). It allows only rarely the compensation of the deprivation of property. Many of the former owners die [19] before receiving any compensation.
  • The European Court of Human Rights (or ECHR) has repeatedly condemned [20] Romania [21] for its failure to return the real estates, but also to pay for compensation. In November 2009, it is still not considered by the European Court of Human Rights as an acceptable means of compensating the confiscations.[22] According to the Romanian newspaper Ziua, the refusal of Romania to change its legislation in order to make effective the restitution of confiscated properties, or to offer a swift and decent compensation, led the ECHR to threaten Romania of an outright exclusion of the organization (21 May 2009).[23] On 21 October 2009, the newspaper Evenimentul Zilei [24] dedicates a long article of the never ending condemnations of Romania, considered by the ECHR unable to compensate dispossessed owners. Romania has lost more than 100 trials since 2007, and had to pay nearly 18 million euros in damages awarded by the Court to the plaintiffs.
  • It can also be noted that the Council of Europe [25] states that a systemic problem in Romania due to the mechanism of the fund. The Committee of Ministers [26] has regularly highlighted a deficiency regarding the respect of private property right. The Committee emphasizes particularly the lack of compensation following the deprivation of property, which amounts to confirm the ineffectiveness of Fondul Proprietatea.
    Thus at its last meeting on June 6, 2009,[27] the ministers states on the basis of the 88 cases involving the absence of restitution or compensation for nationalized property, subsequently resold by the State to others:[28]
    1. recall that the issues raised in these cases relate to a major systemic problem, particularly related to the absence of restitution or compensation for nationalized property, subsequently resold by the state to others, a problem that must be addressed as quickly as possible to avoid a significant number of new, similar violations;
    2. note that the European Court in a number of cases that have recently become final, said, inter alia, that the Romanian authorities should take the necessary legislative measures to prevent the occurrence of situations where two titles related to the same property coexist, and also amend the administrative mechanism established by the laws of repair [4] so that it becomes really coherent, accessible, timely and predictable;
    3. invite the Romanian authorities to submit an action plan on measures taken or envisaged to improve the current mechanism of restitution;; in this context they noted with interest that bilateral consultations are envisaged between the authorities involved in the process restitution and the Secretariat;
    5. consequently decide to resume consideration of these matters at the latest af their 1st HR meeting in 2010 in the light of the action plan and to provide information on individual measures.

Romania is the only country in the former Eastern bloc to join the European union where such a problem concerning the situation of property in connection with the collapse of communist regimes remains unresolved. None of the other ex-Soviet bloc countries have raised a real estate issue with such a magnitude at European level.

Given the seriousness of the situation and the inertia of the Romanian state, despite hundreds of convictions of the European Court of Human Rights, the latter launched on 25 February 2010 a pilot-judgment procedure.[29] The hearing was held 6 September 2010.[30] The ruling is expected in September 2010. It could be accompanied by sanctions against Romania such as the obligation to amend its legislation, or the exclusion of the Court.

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Notes and references

  1. (in Romanian) - Text of the decree available in Romanian on the website of the Romanian Chamber of Deputies
    (in Romanian) - Full text of the decree, including annexes: more than 6000 names and addresses of owners Archived 2009-09-16 at the Wayback Machine
  2. In his speech at the First International Congress of the owners of Romania (Bucharest, 15–17 September 2000), Gheorghe Ţară, deputy and acting as representative of the Abuse Commission of the Chamber of Deputies, is citing statistics from 1994, without specifying the exact source (This is, according to G. Ţară, 400,433 expropriated property, among which 154,000 demolished). Others indicate even bigger figures. Source: - The Roof over Our Head: Property Restitution in Romania (page 184).
  3. (in Romanian) Act No. 112 passed in 1995, text of the Act on the website of the Romanian Parliament
  4. , Title VII of 247/2005 law - Statutory on the determination and payment of damages for property abusively taken - describes the modus operandi of the fund, Law available on the website of the Romanian Parliament.
  5. Official page of the company: History of the fund Archived 2010-01-24 at the Wayback Machine
  6. Source: the official website
  7. "Franklin Templeton officially becomes Fondul Proprietatea manager". Romania Insider. Retrieved 2020-02-05.
  8. "Shareholding structure and total number of voting rights as at 31 October 2019" (PDF). Retrieved 2020-02-05.
  9. (in Romanian) - Cotidianul writes on 06/03/2009 that the Commission Fund manager selection is postponed again, indefinitely. link to the article

  10. (in Romanian) - In Ziarul financiar.ro on 30/03/2009 - Summary: the profit is divided by two and the salaries increase. link to the article
    (in Romanian) - In FrontNews.ro on 12/11/2008 - Summary: the excessive and undeclared executives salaries raises a scandal at Fondul Proprietatea. link to the article
    (in Romanian) - In Evenimentul Zilei on 17/09/2008 - Summary: the performance tumbles down but wages continually inflate. link to the article
    (in Romanian) - In Capital.ro on 17/09/2008 - Summary: the salaries budget of the fund has tripled in 3 years. link to the article Archived 2008-09-20 at the Wayback Machine
    (in Romanian) - In Hotnews.ro on 7 February 2008 - Summary: the managing director has a 17.000 euros salary and a 120.000 euros prime for dismissal in secret clauses that should have been made public through the ANI (National Integrity Agency) obligations. link to the article
    (in Romanian) - In Cotidianul.ro on 18/06/2008 - Summary: nepotism and huge salaries for the head of the fund. The director, godmother of the Interior minister, gets 17.000 euros per month. link to the article

  11. (in Romanian) - In Curierul Naţional on 10/06/2005 - Summary: Fundul Proprietatea, the formula proposed by the Government to pay compensation to former owners of nationalized properties that can not be returned in kind, is strongly contested by potential beneficiaries, the solution was met with skepticism even by the Ministry of Finance. link to the article Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
    (in Romanian) - In Ziarul Financiar on 10 March 2006 - Summary: Owners do not trust either the government or Fondul Proprietatea. link to the article
    (in Romanian) - In Gândul on 10 September 2006 - Summary: Dissatisfaction and mistrust are the feelings of the former abusively dispossessed owners that should receive shares of the Fondul Proprietatea instead of confiscated homes. Discontent, because they do not know if the assessment will be correct and have no certainty that he will recover quickly and easily the money. Distrust, because they are not familiar with the mechanism of capital market. link to the article
    (in Romanian) - In Financiarul.ro on 12/12/2008 - Summary: there is no law to compensate former owners, the only form of compensation is provided by the Property Fund, but, at present, it is not functional, said Friday (December 12, 2008) Maria Teodoru, President of the Improperly Deprived by the State Owners Association (APDAS - Asociatiei Proprietarilor Deposedati Abuziv de Stat) link to the article
  12. (in Romanian) - In Gândul on 23/10/2007 Summary: the fund is 5 time smaller than the total amount of the compensation link to the article
  13. (in Romanian) - In Gardianul on 23/09/2008 - Summary: political parties critic and challenge the fund that would be a piggy bank for some political parties. link to the article
  14. In November 2009

  15. (in Romanian) - In Ziarul Financiar on 03/09/2009 - Summary: still remaining undistributed dividends of the fund test the patience of thousands of people waiting for years to collect cash value part of property confiscated by the communist regime. link to the article
    (in Romanian) - In Ziarul Financiar on 30/07/2009 - Summary : state is trying to find solution in order to compensation former owners but many obstacles remain. The article list the blocking issues regarding the fund :
    1/ after four years of its establishment FP does not have a manager
    2/ the listing will not meet the deadline of November 30, 2009
    3/ FP cannot yet provide dividends of record profits in 2008
    4/ social capital and par value of a share should be reduced by 23%
    5/ although it is the largest fund in Europe, it is not functional link to the article

  16. (in Romanian) - In BloomBiz.ro on 04/09/2009 - Summary: Romanian state does not pay its own participation in the fund which is obliged to enforce it to pay. link to the article
    (in Romanian) - In Ziare.com on 03/09/2009 - Summary: the fund is suing the Romanian State for not fulfilling its legal duty : paying its share of the fund social capital. link to the article
    (in Romanian) - In Curierul Naţional on 25/03/2009 - Summary: The company (Fondul Proprietatea) wants to get back 160 millions euros following the privatisation of the BCR (Banca Comercialǎ Românǎ). Until now, negotiation with the Minister of Economy have failed. The company prosecuted the Minister of Economy and Finance in 2008. link to the article Archived 2009-03-28 at the Wayback Machine
    (in Romanian) - In Evenimentul Zilei on 03/03/3009 - Title: "The Romanian Government will give compensation when the holy cows come home" - Summary: the money allocated (from Fundul Proprietatea) during 2009-2012 period will not cover the needs for half this year in order to pay the former owners. It is very hard to communicate and to get information from the Authority for Property Restitution (ANRP) in charge of the compensation scheme. link to the article

  17. (in Romanian) - In Romania Libera on 24/09/2009 - Summary: Fundul Proprietatea is in a stalemate since its creation. The problem is so serious, that it has become internationalized. The negative effects of this process have contaminated the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, where property processes against Romania multiply from year to year. Bucharest keep the same pace and does not change the legislation, despite the fact that the court asks constantly to review bad legislation and to implement judicial decisions. link to the article
    (in Romanian) - In The Romanian Digest in June 2009; Hotnews.ro on 10/06/2009 and Romania News Watch on 03/06/2009 - Summary: four years after the creation of the Property Fund (“Fondul Proprietatea” in Romanian) as a means of awarding restitution to former owners of properties confiscated by the Romanian state where in-kind restitution is no longer possible, Fondul Proprietatea still does not represent an effective mechanism in awarding compensation to the victims. This is a stain on the honor of the Romanian state. The Romanian Digest (in English).- Hotnews.ro Romania News Watch (in English)
  18. (in Romanian) - In Ziarul Financiar on 09/07/2007 - Summary: the fund will start to pay in September for dividends regarding last year profit, and in October it will start the first pay in cash but up to the limit of 500,000 lei, said today, Minister of Economy and Finance Varujan Vosganian. link to the article
  19. (in Romanian) - In Ziarul Financiar on 30/10/2009 - Summary: the former owners die before getting any money from Romania, the share from Fundul Proprietatea cannot be sold on the market, 80 years after communism nationalized abusively industries and factories, there is still no effective compensation measures.link to the article
  20. (in French) Jurisprudence about Proprietatea: (On February 9th of 2009, there are 52 rulings published since December 2008) :
    - In the cases All judgments are in extenso in French, the official language of the ECHR. Except for very few ones, no available English version exist for the selected decisions. - - Evolceanu vs. Romania (application n°37522/05), ruling of 09/02/2010 link to the judgment
    - Mărăcineanu c. Romania (application n°35591/03), ruling of 9/02/2010 link to the judgment
    - Veniamin vs. Romania (requête n°19438/05), ruling of 26/01/2010 link to the judgment (English version)
    - Bădoi vs. Romania (application n°22815/07), ruling of 26/01/2010 link to the judgment
    - Nita vs. Romania (application n°24202/07), ruling of 26/01/2010 link to the judgment
    - Loewenton vs. Romania (requête n°111/07), ruling of 26/01/2010 link to the judgment
    - Caragheorghe and others vs. Romania (application n°38742/04), ruling of 19/01/2010 link to the judgment
    - Bistriţeanu and Popovici vs. Romania (application n°5855/05), ruling of 19/01/2010 link to the judgment
    - Varodi vs. Roumanie (requête n°8704/06), ruling of 19/01/2010 link to the judgment
    - Stanca Ciobanu vs. Romania (application n°38800/02), ruling of 19/01/2010 link to the judgment
    - Andreesca Murăreţ et Autres vs. Romania (application n°4867/04), ruling of 19/01/2010 link to the judgment
    - Corbu vs. Romania (application n°12393/05), ruling of 19/01/2010 link to the judgment
    - Rogojină vs. Romania (application n°6235/04), ruling of 19/01/2010 link to the judgment
    - Alexandra Maria Popescu vs. Romania (application n°9684/04), ruling of 12/01/2010 link to the judgment
    - Emilian Ştefănescu vs. Romania (application n°35018/03), ruling of 12/01/2010 link to the judgment
    - Karl Gottfried Schwarz and Helmut Martin Schwarz vs. Romania (application n°39740/03), ruling of 12/01/2010 link to the judgment
    - Seceleanu et autres c. Romania (application n°2915/02), ruling of 10/01/2010 link to the judgment (English version)
    - Gherghiceanu and others (Costache and Rusu) vs. Romania (applications n°21227/03, 18377/05 and 18730/05), ruling of 08/12/2009 link to the judgment
    - Cristian and Mihai Dumitrescu vs. Romania (application n°29231/06), ruling of 01/12/2009 link to the judgment
    - Demetrescu vs. Romania (application n°5046/02), ruling of 10/11/2009 link to the judgment
    - Vidrascu vs. Romania (application n°11138/06), ruling of 27/10/2009 link to the judgment
    - Dermendyin vs. Romania (application n°17754/06), ruling of 27/10/2009 link to the judgment
    - Bohenschuh vs. Romania (application n°14427/05), ruling of 27/10/2009 link to the judgment
    - Mihai and Radu Rǎdulescu vs. Romania (application n°14884/03), ruling of 20/10/2009 link to the judgment
    - Diver vs. Romania (application n° 35510/06), ruling of 13/10/2009 link to the judgment
    - Anea & Nitescu vs. Romania (application n° 45924/06), ruling of 13/10/2009 link to the judgment
    - Schuster vs. Romania (applications n° 36977/03 and 37375/03), ruling of 13/10/2009 link to the judgment
    - Stürner vs. Romania (application n° 17859/04), ruling of 13/10/2009 link to the judgment
    - Gătitu vs. Romania(application n° 16535/04), ruling of 06/10/2009 link to the judgment
    - Simionescu-Râmniceanu (n°2) vs. Romania (application n° 43953/02), ruling of 22/09/2009 link to the judgment
    - Tamir and Others vs. Romania, (application nr. 42194/05), ruling of 15/09/2009 link to the judgment
    - Dumitraş vs. Romania (application n° 17979/05), ruling of 28/07/2009 link to the judgment
    - Ştefănescu & others vs. Romania (application n° 34741/07), ruling of 21/07/2009 link to the judgment
    - Simionescu-Râmniceanu vs. Roumanie (application no 16272/03), ruling of 21/07/2009 link to the judgment
    - Cernitu vs. Romania (application n° 11474/04), ruling of 21/07/2009 link to the judgment
    - Naghi vs. Romania (application n° 31139/03), ruling of 21/07/2009 link to the judgment
    - David vs. Romania (application n° 34247/06), ruling of 16/07/2009 link to the judgment
    - Aurel Popa vs. Romania (applications n° 21318/02), ruling of 16/07/2009 link to the judgment
    - Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture of Timişoara (n°2) vs. Romania (applications n° 23520/05, 23524/05, 23544/05, 23550/05, 26288/05, 27175/05, 27176/05, 27177/05, 27178/05, 27179/05, 27180/05, 27181/05,27182/05), ruling of 16/07/2009 link to the judgment
    - Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture of Timişoara vs. Romania (applications n° 13248/05, 13321/05, 23462/05, 23471/05, 23475/05, 23482/05, 23490/05, 23493/05, 23496/05, 23501/05, 23504/05, 23517/05), ruling of 16/07/2009 link to the judgment
    - Becskei vs. Romania (application n° 8266/05), ruling of 07/07/2009 link to the judgment
    - Roman vs. Romania (application n° 30453/04), ruling of 07/07/2009 link to the judgment
    - Turus vs. Romania (application n° 31566/03), ruling of 07/07/2009 link to the judgment
    - Athanasiu Marshall vs. Romania (application n° 21305/05), ruling of 23/06/2009 link to the judgment
    - Czaran and Grofcsik vs. Romania (application n° 11388/06), ruling of 02/06/2009, link to the judgment
    - Glatz and others vs. Romania (application n° 15269/03), ruling of 02/06/2009, link to the judgment
    - Elias vs. Romania (application n° 32800/02), ruling of 12/05/2009, link to the judgment
    - Stanciu vs. Romania (application n° 3530/03), ruling of 10/03/2009, link to the judgment
    - Denes and others vs. Romania (application n° 25862/03), ruling of 03/03/2009, link to the judgment
    - Katz vs. Romania (application n° 29739/03), ruling of 20/01/2009, link to the judgment
    - Faimblat vs. Romania (application n° 23066/02), ruling of 13/01/2009, link to the judgment
    - Viaşu vs. Romania (application n° 75951/01), ruling of 09/12/2008, link to the judgment
  21. Romania joined the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms on June 20, 1994

  22. (in Romanian) - In Ziarul Financiar on 31/01/2007 - Summary: European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg demonstrates that the non-operating Property Fund makes compensation impossible for the Romanians, owners of nationalized houses, so that Romanian Government is sentenced to pay damages for infringement of property rights. link to the article
    (in Romanian) - In Gândul on 14/07/2006 - Title : "Fondul Proprietatea Juggling is denounced by the ECHR" link to the article
  23. (in Romanian) - In Ziua, edition of 21 May 2009: correspondence (article written in Romanian) between the ECHR and the Prime Minister of Romania Emil Boc, in which the Court explicitly threatens to exclude Romania, article link
  24. (in Romanian) Article link
  25. "Council of Europe". www.coe.int. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  26. "Home". Committee of Ministers. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  27. Decisions of the meeting of 2 to 5 June 2009: HR 1059th meeting - June 5, 2009; Section 4.2
  28. List of the 88 cases on the website of the Committee of Ministers
  29. ECHR website:
    - Definition and explanations on the pilot-judgment procedure
    - Press release of 25/02/2010.
  30. Press release of 08/06/2010
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