Final topology
In general topology and related areas of mathematics, the final topology (or coinduced,[1] strong, colimit, or inductive topology) on a set , with respect to a family of functions into , is the finest topology on that makes those functions continuous.
The dual notion is the initial topology, which for a given family of functions from a set is the coarsest topology on that makes those functions continuous.
Definition
Given a set and a family of topological spaces with functions
the final topology on is the finest topology such that each
is continuous. Explicitly, the final topology may be described as follows: a subset U of X is open if and only if is open in for each .
Examples
- The quotient topology is the final topology on the quotient space with respect to the quotient map.
- The disjoint union is the final topology with respect to the family of canonical injections.
- More generally, a topological space is coherent with a family of subspaces if it has the final topology coinduced by the inclusion maps.
- The direct limit of any direct system of spaces and continuous maps is the set-theoretic direct limit together with the final topology determined by the canonical morphisms.
- Given a family of topologies on a fixed set X, the final topology on X with respect to the functions is the infimum (or meet) of the topologies in the lattice of topologies on X. That is, the final topology τ is the intersection of the topologies .
- The étalé space of a sheaf is topologized by a final topology.
Properties
A subset of is closed/open if and only if its preimage under fi is closed/open in for each i ∈ I.
The final topology on X can be characterized by the following characteristic property: a function from to some space is continuous if and only if is continuous for each i ∈ I.
By the universal property of the disjoint union topology we know that given any family of continuous maps fi : Yi → X, there is a unique continuous map
If the family of maps fi covers X (i.e. each x in X lies in the image of some fi) then the map f will be a quotient map if and only if X has the final topology determined by the maps fi.
Categorical description
In the language of category theory, the final topology construction can be described as follows. Let Y be a functor from a discrete category J to the category of topological spaces Top that selects the spaces Yi for i in J. Let Δ be the diagonal functor from Top to the functor category TopJ (this functor sends each space X to the constant functor to X). The comma category (Y ↓ Δ) is then the category of cones from Y, i.e. objects in (Y ↓ Δ) are pairs (X, f) where fi : Yi → X is a family of continuous maps to X. If U is the forgetful functor from Top to Set and Δ′ is the diagonal functor from Set to SetJ then the comma category (UY ↓ Δ′) is the category of all cones from UY. The final topology construction can then be described as a functor from (UY ↓ Δ′) to (Y ↓ Δ). This functor is left adjoint to the corresponding forgetful functor.
See also
References
- Singh, Tej Bahadur (May 5, 2013). "Elements of Topology". Books.Google.com. CRC Press. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
Sources
- Willard, Stephen (1970). General Topology. Addison-Wesley Series in Mathematics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Zbl 0205.26601.. (Provides a short, general introduction in section 9 and Exercise 9H)