Ficus yoponensis

Ficus yoponensis is a species of fig tree found in Central and South America. It can grow to heights of 40–50 metres (130–160 ft) tall, having a trunk diameter of 1 metre (3.3 ft). The trunk is buttressed, light grey in colour and reasonably smooth. Its petioles are 1–2.5 centimetres (0.39–0.98 in) long, the stipules are straight and 3–5 centimetres (1.2–2.0 in) long. The leaves and stems are hairless. The leaves are 6–11 centimetres (2.4–4.3 in) long and 2.5–4 centimetres (0.98–1.57 in) wide, but larger in juveniles, being up to 28 centimetres (11 in) long and 5 centimetres (2.0 in) wide. The time at which they flower varies between individuals, but each tree tends to flower at a similar time each year. As in all figs, the flowers are enclosed inside the fig and can only be accessed by fig wasps, which enter to pollinate the flowers and lay their own eggs. The resulting fruit grows to 1.8 centimetres (0.71 in) in diameter and turns from green to purple with maturity.[2][3] On average in Panama, F. yoponensis produce a new flush of leaves every 20 weeks and flower every 25 weeks.[4] The species is similar in appearance to Ficus insipida but has smaller leaves, stipules and fruits and only occurs in primary forest whereas F. insipida is also found in secondary forest.[2][3]

Ficus yoponensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Moraceae
Genus: Ficus
Species:
F. yoponensis
Binomial name
Ficus yoponensis
Synonyms

Ficus multinervis Pittier
Ficus tobagensis Urb.[1]

Distribution

Ficus yoponensis is found in Central and South America from Chiapas in Mexico in the north to Colombia and Venezuela in the south. It grows from sea level to 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) above sea level but is usually found between 500 to 1,200 metres (1,600 to 3,900 ft).[2] Along with F. insipida it is one of the two most abundant species of fig tree found on Barro Colorado Island, Panama (BCI).[5]

Ecology

Ficus yoponensis is pollinated by the fig wasp Tetrapus ecuadoranus: 58% of figs are fertilised by only one female.[6]

The fruits and leaves of F. yoponensis are eaten by several species. The fruits are eaten by bats, which then disperse their seeds.[2] The stipules and fruits are collected by the leaf cutter ant, Atta colombica.[7] The leaves and fruits are the preferred fruit of howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata), with one troop on Barro Colorado Island spending one quarter of its time feeding on F. yoponensis or F. insipida.[8] Spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) also feed on the leaves, which contain 11% protein and 4% sugars and remain similar in chemical composition throughout their lifespan, unlike most tree species.[9][10] When fresh, the young leaves contain up to 585 mg of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) per 100 grams (3.5 oz) and the fruits contain 268 mg per 100 g. Like humans A. palliata and A. geoffroyi require vitamin C in their diet, since they do not possess the gene for L-gulonolactone oxidase, the enzyme required to convert glucose to ascorbic acid. The fruits of F. yoponensis contain more vitamin C than any other fruit available to the monkeys on Barro Colorado Island.[11]

Various invertebrates live in water-filled holes into which leaf litter falls; as it decomposes it provides food for the animals. The leaves of F. yoponensis soften quickly after falling into the holes and are then eaten by Scirtid beetle larvae, leaving only a skeleton behind. An experiment in the rainforest, where leaves of F. yoponensis were added to an artificial pool containing 650 ml of water found that sixteen species lived in them, with the mosquito Culex mollis being the most abundant. Yanoviak found that the average volume of the holes was 0.3 litres (0.53 imp pt) and that they contained 67 individual animals.[12]

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References
  1. "Ficus yoponensis Desv". The Plant List. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
  2. Thomas B. Croat (1978). Flora of Barro Colorado Island. Stanford University Press. pp. 350–. ISBN 978-0-8047-0950-7. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
  3. Richard Condit; Rolando Pérez; Nefertaris Daguerre (8 November 2010). Trees of Panama and Costa Rica. Princeton University Press. pp. 325–. ISBN 978-0-691-14710-9. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
  4. Milton, K. (1991). "Leaf Change and Fruit Production in Six Neotropical Moraceae Species". The Journal of Ecology. 79: 1–26. doi:10.2307/2260781. JSTOR 2260781.
  5. Martin L. Cody; Jeffrey A. Smallwood (1996). Long-term studies of vertebrate communities. Academic Press. pp. 542–. ISBN 978-0-12-178075-3. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
  6. Dewayne Shoemaker, D.; MacHado, C. A.; Molbo, D.; Werren, J. H.; Windsor, D. M.; Herre, E. A. (2002). "The distribution of Wolbachia in fig wasps: correlations with host phylogeny, ecology and population structure". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 269: 2257. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2100. PMC 1691153. PMID 12427319.
  7. Rainer Wirth (2003). Herbivory of leaf-cutting ants: a case study on Atta colombica in the tropical rainforest of Panama. Springer. pp. 96–. ISBN 978-3-540-43896-0. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
  8. Paul Alan Garber (2000). On the move: how and why animals travel in groups. University of Chicago Press. pp. 384–. ISBN 978-0-226-06339-3. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
  9. Michael Eric Pereira; Lynn A. Fairbanks (30 May 2002). Juvenile primates: life history, development, and behavior. University of Chicago Press. pp. 177–. ISBN 978-0-226-65622-9. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
  10. Milton, K. (1981). "Food Choice and Digestive Strategies of Two Sympatric Primate Species" (PDF). The American Naturalist. 117: 496–505. doi:10.1086/283730. JSTOR 2460457. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-09.
  11. Milton, K.; Jenness, R. (1987). "Ascorbic acid content of neotropical plant parts available to wild monkeys and bats". Experientia. 43 (3): 339–342. doi:10.1007/BF01945577. PMID 3104078.
  12. Yanoviak, S. P. (1999). "Effects of leaf litter species on macroinvertebrate community properties and mosquito yield in Neotropical tree hole microcosms". Oecologia. 120: 147. doi:10.1007/s004420050843.
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