Feather meal

Feather meal is a byproduct of processing poultry; it is made from poultry feathers by partially grinding them under elevated heat and pressure, and then grinding and drying. Although total nitrogen levels are fairly high (up to 12%), the bioavailability of this nitrogen may be low. Feather meal is used in formulated animal feed and in organic fertilizer.

Worldwide, more than 25 billion chickens are used for human consumption. Feather meal is made through a process called rendering. Steam pressure cookers with temperatures over 140 °C are used to "cook" and sterilize the feathers. This partially hydrolyzes the proteins, which denatures them. It is then dried, cooled and ground into a powder for use as a nitrogen source for animal feed (mostly ruminants) or as an organic soil amendment.

Containing up to 12% nitrogen, it is a source of slow-release, organic, high-nitrogen fertilizer for organic gardens. It is not water-soluble and does not make a good liquid fertilizer. It can be used to:

  • Increase green leaf growth
  • Activate compost decomposition
  • Improve soil structure

When adding it to a garden as a nitrogen source, it must be blended into the soil to start the decomposition to make the nitrogenous compounds available to the plants. As an organic garden fertilizer, it is not synthetic or petroleum-based.

Issues

A 2012 study found that feather meal contributes to inorganic arsenic exposure to humans whether it be in the form of animal feed or organic fertilizers.[1]

An analysis of feather meal across the United States also shows a variety of drugs that chickens are exposed to. Included are antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones which have been banned but are still included in the food supply. Other drugs include antihistamines, fungicide, sex hormone norgestimate, and caffeine. The bioaccumulative effects of this variety of pharmaceuticals are of concern to human health.[2]

gollark: We need 25 votes in total.
gollark: Go Rust yourself.
gollark: Gibson, do you WANT this to SUCCEED???!!
gollark: ÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆæ
gollark: Rocket, you should vote for rocket too.

References
  1. Nachman, K. E.; Raber, G.; Francesconi, K. A.; Navas-Acien, A.; Love, D. C. (2012-02-15). "Arsenic species in poultry feather meal". The Science of the Total Environment. 417-418: 183–188. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.12.022. ISSN 1879-1026. PMID 22244353.
  2. Love, D. C.; Halden, R. U.; Davis, M. F.; Nachman, K. E. (2012-03-21). "Feather Meal: A Previously Unrecognized Route for Reentry into the Food Supply of Multiple Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs)". Environmental Science & Technology. 46 (7): 3795–3802. doi:10.1021/es203970e. PMID 22435972.

Sources


This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.