Félix de Azara

Félix Manuel de Azara (18 May 1746 – 20 October 1821[1]) was a Spanish military officer, naturalist, and engineer.

Félix Manuel de Azara
Félix de Azara by Francisco Goya.
Born	May 18, 1746 Barbuñales, Spain
Died	October 20, 1821(1821-10-20) (aged 79) Barbuñales, Spain
Nationality	Spanish
Occupation	Soldier, geographer, engineer

Felix de Azara, sculpture by Eduard Alentorn in Museo Martorell, Barcelona

Life

Félix de Azara was born on May 18, 1746, in Barbunales, Aragon.[2] He joined the army and attended a Spanish military academy. He was commissioned as an engineer, distinguishing himself on various expeditions. He spent the next thirteen years of his life in the military and rose to the rank of Brigadier General in the Spanish Army.[3]

In 1777, Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of San Ildefonso. As dictated by the treaty, each nation would send a delegation to the Río de la Plata region to negotiate the border dispute between the Portuguese and Spanish colonies. Azara was selected as a member of this delegation, departing quickly for the New World.[4] The Portuguese delegation, however, never arrived, and Azara ended up remaining in the region from 1781 to 1801.[5] To pass the time, he decided to create an accurate map of the region.[6] On these expeditions, Azara began observing the nature of the region. Over the course of his time there, he "described 448 birds...This number is reduced to 381 when duplications of sex, age, and plumage are taken into account (eight remain unidentified), and 178 of them are the types upon which the scientific names are based.”[7] He also identified 78 quadrupeds, 43 of which were new.[8] A number of animals were named after him, including Azara's night monkey (Aotus azarae), Azara's agouti (Dasyprocta azarae), Azara's grass mouse (Akodon azarae), Azara's spinetail (Synallaxis azarae), and Azara's tree iguana (Liolaemus azarai ).[9] Dorsum Azara on the Moon is also named after him.[3] Before leaving South America, he sent his brother José Nicolás de Azara (then Spanish Ambassador at Paris) his zoological notes and observations, which Moreau de Saint-Méry published at Paris in 1801 under the title of Essai sur l'histoire naturelle des quadrupèdes du Paraguay. In 1802 there appeared at Madrid the essay Apuntamientos para la Historia natural de los cuadrúpedos del Paraguay y Río de la Plata.

Upon his return to Europe in 1801, he traveled to Paris to meet his brother. There, he published Voyage dans l'Amerique meridionale depuis 1781 jusqu'en 1801 (1809),[3] which included his observations on many topics ranging from the geography of the region to characteristics of the many indigenous groups in the region. Following the death of his brother, Azara returned to Spain and held a variety of minor government positions.[10] He died of pneumonia on October 20, 1821, and was buried in his family's vault in the town of his birth.[11]

His works

His works were well received though not without criticism. Azara had largely written his works to correct what he considered to be many errors in Histoire naturelle by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon.[12] Intellectuals praised him for his thoroughness and accuracy. Charles Darwin had a high regard for Azara's work (despite the latter not being a professional naturalist), and in several of his books spoke approvingly of Azara's authority. [3] Some, however, thought that his work was too harsh a critique of Buffon.

References

1. Guerra, Francisco (1970). "Azara, Félix de". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 351–352. ISBN 0-684-10114-9.
2. Félix de Azara, Viajes por la américa meridional (Buenos Aires: El Elefante Blanco, 1998), 1:11.
3. Bandelier 1913.
4. Azara, 1:13
5. Chisholm 1911.
6. Azara, 1:39.
7. Beddall, Barbara. “Isolated Spanish Genius: Myth or Reality: Felix de Azara and the Birds of Paraguay.” Journal of the History of Biology 16, no. 2 (1983): 228.
8. Beddall, “Isolated Spanish Genius," 228.
9. Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. ("Azara", p. 13).
10. Barbara Beddall, “Una Naturalista Original: Don Felix de Azara, 1746-1821,” Journal of the History of Biology 8, no. 1 (1975): 23.
11. Beddall, "Una Naturalista Original," 23.
12. Helen Cowie, “A Creole in Paris and a Spaniard in Paraguay: Geographies of Natural History in the Hispanic World (1750-1808),” Journal of Latin American Geography 10, no. 1 (2011): 180.
13. IPNI.  Azara.

Attribution

• Bandelier, Ad. F. (1913). "Féliz de Azara" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.; Endnotes:
  • Geografía física y esférica de las provircias del Paraguay y missiones Guaranies, compuesta en el año 1790 (Montevideo, 1904, with portrait and biography by SCHULLER)
  • TSCHUDI, Peru Reiseskizzen (St. Gall, 1846)
  • IDEM, Fauna peruana
  • BREHM, Das Thierleben (3rd ed.)
  • the works of Azara himself, enumerated in article
• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Azara, Don Jose Nicholas de" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Félix Manuel is discussed at the end of this article on his older brother.

Further reading

• "Felix de Azara," in Tom Taylor and Michael Taylor, Aves: A Survey of the Literature of Neotropical Ornithology, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Libraries, 2011.

External links

• Félix de Azara. Polymath Virtual Library, Fundación Ignacio Larramendi

• Works by Félix de Azara at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Félix de Azara at Internet Archive
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "article name needed". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.