Ezāfe

Ezāfe (Persian: اضافه‎ lit. Extra), also romanized as izafet, izafe, izafat, izāfa, ezafe, and izofa (Tajik: изофа, romanized: izofa), is a grammatical particle found in some Iranian languages, as well as Persian-influenced languages such as Turkish and Hindustani, that links two words together. In the Persian language, it consists of the unstressed short vowel -e or -i (-ye or -yi after vowels)[1] between the words it connects and often approximately corresponds in usage to the English preposition of. It is generally not indicated in writing in the Persian script,[2][3] which is normally written without short vowels, but it is indicated in Tajiki, which is written in the Cyrillic script, as -и without a hyphen.

This article is about a grammatical particle in Persian. For the corresponding phenomenon in Arabic, see Iḍāfah.

Ezafe in Persian

Common uses of the Persian ezafe are:[4]

  • Possessive: برادرِ مریم barādar-e Maryam "Maryam's brother" (it can also apply to pronominal possession, برادرِ من barādar-e man "my brother", but in speech it is much more common to use possessive suffixes: برادرم barādar-am).
  • Adjective-noun: برادرِ بزرگ barādar-e bozorg "the big brother".
  • Given name/title-family name: Mohammad-e Mosaddeq Mohammad Mosaddeq, آقایِ مصدق āghā-ye Mosaddeq "Mr. Mosaddeq"
  • Linking two nouns: خیابانِ تهران khiābān-e tehrān "Tehran Street" or "Road to Tehran"

The Persian grammatical term ezāfe is borrowed from the Arabic concept of iḍāfa ("addition"), where it denotes a genitive construction between two or more nouns, expressed using case endings. However, whereas the Iranian ezafe denotes a grammatical particle (or even a pronoun), in Arabic, the word iḍāfa actually denotes the relationship between the two words. In Arabic, two words in an iḍāfa construction are said in English to be in possessed-possessor construction (where the possessed is in the construct state and any case, and the possessor is in the genitive case and any state).

Ezafe in other languages

Besides Persian, ezafe is found in other Iranian languages as well as in Turkic languages, which have historically borrowed many phrases from Persian. Ottoman Turkish made extensive use of ezafe, borrowing it from Persian (the official name of the Ottoman Empire was دولتِ عَليۀ عُثمانيه Devlet-i Âliye-i Osmaniyye), but it is transcribed as -i or -ı rather than -e. Ezafe is also used frequently in Hindustani, though its use is mostly restricted to poetic settings or to phrases imported wholesale from Persian since Hindustani expresses the genitive with the native declined possessive postposition kā. The title of the Bollywood film, Salaam-e-Ishq, is an example of the use of the ezafe in Hindustani. Other examples of ezafe in Hindustani include terms like sazā-e-maut "death penalty" and qābil-e-tārīf "praiseworthy". It can also be found in the Bengali language especially for titles such as Sher-e-Bangla (Tiger of Bengal), Jamaat-e-Islami (Islamic assembly) and Mah-e-Romzan (Month of Ramadan).

The Albanian language also has an ezafe-like construction, as for example in Partia e Punës e Shqipërisë, Party of Labour of Albania (the Albanian communist party). This linking particle declines in accordance to the gender, definiteness, and number of the noun which precedes it. It is used in adjectival declension and forming the genitive. E.g.:

Zyra e Shefit "The Boss' office" (The office of the boss)

Në një zyrë të afërt "In an adjacent office"

Jashtë zyrës së tij "Outside his office" (The office of his)

Besides the above mentioned languages, ezafe is used in Kurdish among all the 50 million Kurds who live in Syria, Iraq, Turkey and Iran, e.g

Çem-ê Dîclê..... river-EZAFE Tigris..... The Tigris River

Etymology

Originally, in Old Persian, nouns had case endings, just like every other early Indo-European language (such as Latin, Greek, and Proto-Germanic). A genitive construction would have looked much like an Arabic iḍāfa construct, with the first noun being in any case, and the second being in the genitive case, as in Arabic or Latin.

  • vašnā Auramazdāha 'by the will of Auramazda'
    vašnā 'will' (Instrumental case)
    Auramazdāha 'Aura Mazda (God)' (genitive case)[5]

However, over time, a relative pronoun such as tya or hya (meaning "which") began to be interposed between the first element and its genitive attribute.

  • by the will which (is) of Auramazdah

Tisdall states that the modern Persian ezafe stems from this relative pronoun which, which in Eastern Iranian languages (Avestan) was yo or yat. Pahlavi (Middle Persian) shortened it to ī (spelled with the letter Y in Pahlavi scripts), and after noun case endings passed out of usage, this relative pronoun which (pronounced /e/ in New Persian), became a genitive "construct" marker. Thus the phrase

  • mard-e xub مردِ خوب

historically means "man which (is) good" rather than "good man."[6]

In other modern Iranian languages, such as Northern Kurdish, the ezafe particle is still a relative pronoun, which declines for gender and number.[7] However, rather than translating it as "which," as its etymological origin suggests, a more accurate translation for the New Persian use of ezafe would be a linking genitive/attributive "of", or no translation in the case of adjectives.

gollark: 🐝❗
gollark: If true.
gollark: That is actually quite surprising?
gollark: Esolang where code is sorted before execution‽
gollark: It doesn't actually know exactly when births happen, and possibly can't due to light speed lag or whatever, so it just approximates.

See also

Notes
  1. The short vowel "ــِـ" (known as kasra or kasré) is pronounced as e or i depending on the dialect.
  2. Abrahams 2005, p. 25.
  3. Calendar of Persian Correspondence. India Imperial Record Department. 1959. p. xxiv. Sometimes Hindi words were used with Persian izafat as in ray-i-rayan (1255), jatra-i-Kashi (820), chitthi-i-huzur (820). But the more interesting aspect of the jargon is the combination of Hindi and Persian words in order to make an idiom, e.g. loot u taraj sakhtan (466) and swargvas shudan (1139).
  4. Moshiri 1988, pp. 21–23.
  5. Harvey, Lehmann & Slocum 2004.
  6. Tisdall 1902, pp. 21, 184.
  7. Haig 2011, p. 365.

References
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