Euler–Heisenberg Lagrangian

In physics, the Euler–Heisenberg Lagrangian describes the non-linear dynamics of electromagnetic fields in vacuum. It was first obtained by Werner Heisenberg and Hans Heinrich Euler[1] in 1936. By treating the vacuum as a medium, it predicts rates of quantum electrodynamics (QED) light interaction processes.

Physics

It takes into account vacuum polarization to one loop, and is valid for electromagnetic fields that change slowly compared to the inverse electron mass:

${\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}=-{\mathcal {F}}-{\frac {1}{8\pi ^{2}}}\int _{0}^{\infty }\exp \left(-m^{2}s\right)\left[(es)^{2}{\frac {\operatorname {Re} \cosh \left(es{\sqrt {2\left({\mathcal {F}}+i{\mathcal {G}}\right)}}\right)}{\operatorname {Im} \cosh \left(es{\sqrt {2\left({\mathcal {F}}+i{\mathcal {G}}\right)}}\right)}}{\mathcal {G}}-{\frac {2}{3}}(es)^{2}{\mathcal {F}}-1\right]{\frac {ds}{s^{3}}}}$

Here m is the electron mass, e the electron charge, ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}={\frac {1}{2}}\left(\mathbf {B} ^{2}-\mathbf {E} ^{2}\right)}$, and ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}=\mathbf {E} \cdot \mathbf {B} }$.

In the weak field limit, this becomes: ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}={\frac {1}{2}}\left(\mathbf {E} ^{2}-\mathbf {B} ^{2}\right)+{\frac {2\alpha ^{2}}{45m^{4}}}\left[\left(\mathbf {E} ^{2}-\mathbf {B} ^{2}\right)^{2}+7\left(\mathbf {E} \cdot \mathbf {B} \right)^{2}\right]}$

It describes photon-photon scattering in QED; Robert Karplus and Maurice Neuman calculated the full amplitude,[2] which is very small and has not been seen.

Experiments

Delbrück scattering of gamma rays was observed in 1953 by Robert Wilson.[3] Photon splitting in strong magnetic fields was measured in 2002.[4]

PVLAS is searching for vacuum polarization of laser beams crossing magnetic fields to detect effects from axion dark matter. No signal has been found and searches continue. OSQAR at CERN is also studying vacuum birefringence.

A team of astronomers from Italy, Poland, and the U.K. has reported in 2016[5] observations of the light emitted by a neutron star (pulsar RX J1856.5−3754). The star is surrounded by a very strong magnetic field (10¹³G), and one expects birefringence from the vacuum polarization described by the Euler–Heisenberg Lagrangian. A degree of polarization of about 16% was measured and was claimed to be "large enough to support the presence of vacuum birefringence, as predicted by QED". Fan et al. pointed that their results are uncertain due to low accuracy of star model and the direction of the neutron magnetization axis.[6]

In 2019 the photon-photon scattering was literally discovered by Atlas.[7]

References

1. Heisenberg, W.; Euler, H. (1936). "Folgerungen aus der Diracschen Theorie des Positrons". Zeitschrift für Physik (in German). Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 98 (11–12): 714–732. Bibcode:1936ZPhy...98..714H. doi:10.1007/bf01343663. ISSN 1434-6001.
2. Karplus, Robert; Neuman, Maurice (1951-08-15). "The Scattering of Light by Light". Physical Review. American Physical Society (APS). 83 (4): 776–784. Bibcode:1951PhRv...83..776K. doi:10.1103/physrev.83.776. ISSN 0031-899X.
3. Akhmadaliev, Sh. Zh.; Kezerashvili, G. Ya.; Klimenko, S. G.; Malyshev, V. M.; Maslennikov, A. L.; et al. (1998-11-01). "Delbrück scattering at energies of 140–450 MeV". Physical Review C. American Physical Society (APS). 58 (5): 2844–2850. arXiv:hep-ex/9806037. Bibcode:1998PhRvC..58.2844A. doi:10.1103/physrevc.58.2844. ISSN 0556-2813.
4. Akhmadaliev, Sh. Zh.; Kezerashvili, G. Ya.; Klimenko, S. G.; Lee, R. N.; Malyshev, V. M.; et al. (2002-07-19). "Experimental Investigation of High-Energy Photon Splitting in Atomic Fields". Physical Review Letters. 89 (6): 061802. arXiv:hep-ex/0111084. Bibcode:2002PhRvL..89f1802A. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.89.061802. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 12190576.
5. Mignani, R. P.; Testa, V.; González Caniulef, D.; Taverna, R.; Turolla, R.; Zane, S.; Wu, K. (2016-11-02). "Evidence for vacuum birefringence from the first optical-polarimetry measurement of the isolated neutron star RX J1856.5−3754". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Oxford University Press (OUP). 465 (1): 492–500. arXiv:1610.08323. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2798. ISSN 0035-8711.
6. Fan, Xing; Kamioka, Shusei; Inada, Toshiaki; Yamazaki, Takayuki; Namba, Toshio; et al. (2017). "The OVAL experiment: a new experiment to measure vacuum magnetic birefringence using high repetition pulsed magnets". The European Physical Journal D. Springer Nature. 71 (11): 308. arXiv:1705.00495. Bibcode:2017EPJD...71..308F. doi:10.1140/epjd/e2017-80290-7. ISSN 1434-6060.
7. "ATLAS observes light scattering off light". 2019-03-17.