Essential Services Maintenance Act

The Essential Services Maintenance Act (ESMA) is an act of Parliament of India which was established to ensure the delivery of certain services, which if obstructed would affect the normal life of the people.[1] This include services like public transport (bus services), health services (doctors and hospitals).[2][3] The ESMA is a law made by the Parliament of India under List No. 33 in Concurrent List of 7th Schedule of Constitution of India. Hence it maintains national uniformity by providing minimum conditions of essential services across the nation. For any violations in specific regions, State governments alone or together with other state government can enforce their respective act. Each state has a separate state Essential Services Maintenance Act with slight variations from the central law in its provisions. Hence, in case the nature of strike disrupts only a state or states, then the states can invoke it. In case of disruption on a national scale, especially railways, the ESMA 1968 can be invoked by central government.

Essential Services Maintenance Act
Parliament of India
CitationAct No. 59 of 1968
Territorial extentIndia
Enacted byParliament of India
Keywords
essential service, strike
Status: In force

Although it is a very powerful law, which has potential to suppress genuine demands of employees, its execution rests entirely on the discretion of the State government in normal circumstances. The law has seen little use in India, with many strikes by public transport providers or staff, doctors or Government employees, being continued for weeks without ESMA being invoked by the Union Government or the State Government. There have been instances of citizens approaching courts for implementation of ESMA, and the executive being forced by court orders to declare ESMA over a strike and the strikes being called off overnight.[4]

History

The law presently in effect is the Essential Services Maintenance Act, 1968. But it has a long history of evolution through which it came into the shape it is in right now.

State Laws

Andhra Pradesh

The law in effect is the Andhra Pradesh Essential Services Maintenance Act of 1971.[4]

Kerala

The Kerala Essential Services Maintenance Act, 1994. This is the law in effect in the state of Kerala since 1994. As is the general rule, it has slight variations in the provisions of the law from the central act. What existed before this act was the Kerala Essential Services Maintenance Ordinance of 1993.[5][6]

Rajasthan

In Rajasthan this law is known as RESMA (Rajasthan Essential Services Maintenance Act),(1970)

Karnataka

The Government of Karnataka enacted Karnataka Essential Services Maintenance Act in 1994[7] and was in force since 16 April 1994. The life of the act was ten years as per section 1(3) and it lapsed on 15 April 2004.[8] The Government of Karnataka has threatened to invoke the act multiple times since then,[9][10] even though the act had lapsed in 2004. However, the state has the power to impose the central law without modification unless it enacts a new law suitable for it. The Government of Karnataka has planned to reintroduce ESMA with Karnataka Essential Services Maintenance Bill, 2013 which will be tabled in the winter session of the legislature.[7]

Esma has been re-introduced in Karnataka effective from 09/06/2015 as per the gazette notification on 28 May 2015. The term now extends to one year from commencement of the Act and can be extended for six more months.

Maharashtra
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See also

Notes

DTC drivers' strike: Delhi government imposes ESMA[11][12]

Delhi govt imposes ESMA on doctors on strike. Step was taken as the doctors continued there strike even after government agreed to all their demands. Doctors call off strike hours after AAP govt imposes ESMA.

References
  1. Indian Kanoon. 'The Essential Services Maintenance Act, 1968.'
  2. The Hindu. 'RTC staff strike from midnight.'
  3. The Hindu. 'Telangana: Chief Secretary told to engage JAC in talks.'
  4. WordPress AndhraNewsHeadlines.
  5. Geocities.ws 'The Kerala Essential Services Maintenance Act, 1994.'
  6. Hindu. 'In a state of struggle.'
  7. Kamath, Vijesh (9 August 2013). "Esma to be back with more teeth". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
  8. "Govt may issue an ordinance to counter strike". The Times of India. TNN. 9 January 2009. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
  9. Kumar M, Anil (13 September 2012). "Karnataka government to invoke ESMA on striking employees". The Times of India. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
  10. "Government may invoke ESMA against PU teachers". The New Indian Express. Express News Service. 16 April 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
  11. http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-dtc-drivers-strike-delhi-government-imposes-esma-2085081
  12. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/ESMA-invoked-DTC-strike-over/articleshow/47256789.cms
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