Enlightened self-interest

Enlightened self-interest is a philosophy in ethics which states that persons who act to further the interests of others (or the interests of the group or groups to which they belong), ultimately serve their own self-interest.[1][2][3]

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It has often been simply expressed by the belief that an individual, group, or even a commercial entity will "do well by doing good".[4][5][6][7]

Unenlightened self-interest

In contrast to enlightened self-interest is simple greed, or the concept of "unenlightened self-interest", in which it is argued that when most or all persons act according to their own myopic selfishness, the group suffers loss as a result of conflict, decreased efficiency and productivity because of lack of cooperation, and the increased expense each individual pays for the protection of their own interests. If a typical individual in such a group is selected at random, it is not likely that this person will profit from such a group ethic.

Some individuals might profit, in a material sense, from a philosophy of greed, but it is believed by proponents of enlightened self-interest that these individuals constitute a small minority and that the large majority of persons can expect to experience a net personal loss from a philosophy of simple unenlightened selfishness.

Unenlightened self-interest can result in the tragedy of the commons.

Golden Rule

Enlightened self-interest is related to the Golden Rule: simply acting toward all others the way one wants them to act toward oneself. The reasoning, for example, is "I will not steal because if I steal then others may steal from me and the creation of a thieving society will likely hurt me".

Deferred gratification

Enlightened self-interest also has implications for long-term benefits as opposed to short-term benefits to oneself.[8] When an individual pursues enlightened self-interest that person may sacrifice short-term interests to maximize long-term interests. This is a form of deferred gratification.

An individual may choose to forsake pursuing immediate gratification by supporting and not interfering with others' pursuit of self-interest. An individual may have to sacrifice his immediate self-interest for the purpose of a positive relationship to a group of individuals to which he relates. For example, a merchant likely will maximize profit over the long term if they choose to be generous to their customers in a manner beyond the requirement of policy, say, in accepting returns and refunding the purchase price when not required to by explicit policy. By doing so, they may lose short-term gain but likely will eventually profit from increased business volume as they gain a reputation for being reasonable, honest, and generous.

Altruism

Enlightened self-interest is also different from altruism, which calls for people to act in the interest of others often at the expense of their own interests and with no expectation of material benefit for themselves in the future. Some advocates of enlightened self-interest might argue that pure altruism promotes inefficiency as well.

D'Souza and Adams[9] argue that though altruism generally comes from good intentions, the outcomes of altruism might not always be good for humanity from the consequentialist standpoint. They claim that without high objectivity, consideration for the global community, and sound knowledge of the probable consequences of the altruistic act, the act is unenlightened.

Rational selfishness

Rational selfishness is a more individualistic form of enlightened self-interest. It is a term generally related to Ayn Rand's Objectivist philosophy, which refers to a person's efforts to look after their own well-being, to cultivate the self, and achieve goals for the good of the self. The focus in rational selfishness might be considered to be more self-directed (where the benefit to the group or society is a possible by-product) than the focus of enlightened self-interest which is more group-directed (and the benefit to oneself might be more of the by-product). Some authors say that this concept elevates egoism to the level of a moral principle.[10]

gollark: I do not consider 30 minutes or so "ages".
gollark: Okay, ArachnoKarl.
gollark: So 45 in total, maybe 40 given various overheads.
gollark: Unless you mean lunch, which you can get maybe 30 out of.
gollark: You realise that that's 15 minutes?

See also

Notes and references
  1. Alexis de Tocqueville: Democracy in America (Ch. 8)
  2. Rethinking the Economics of Self-Interests
  3. "Enlightened Self-Interest" vs. Communal Responsibility
  4. Geoffrey Garrett: Doing Well by Doing Good
  5. Howard Schultz: Dare to Be a Social Entrepreneur
  6. Nielsen: Doing Well by Doing Good: Increasingly, consumers care about corporate social responsibility, but does concern convert to consumption?
  7. Derek Tribe: Doing Well By Doing Good; Agricultural Research: Feeding and Greening the World
  8. Marilynn Brewer: Individual Self, Rational Self, and Collective Self Psychology Press UK 2001, p. 84
  9. D'Souza, J.; Adams, K. (October 2014). "On Unenlightened Altruism" (PDF). Journal of Human Values. 20 (2): 183–191. doi:10.1177/0971685814539416.
  10. Louis P. Pojman, Peter Tramel (2009). "Part III: Ethics and egoism". Moral Philosophy: A Reader (4th ed.). Hackett Publishing. p. 60. ISBN 9781603845038.
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