Empress Dowager Xiaochun

Posthumous name
	Empress Dowager Xiàochún gōngyì shūmù zhuāngjìng pítiān yùshèng; 孝纯恭懿淑穆莊静毘天毓圣皇太后

Empress Dowager Xiaochun
**孝純太后**
Empress Dowager Xiaochun; 孝純太后
	Empress Dowager Xiaochun
Born	9 October 1593; Haizhou
Died	28 August 1614 (aged 20)
Burial	Qingling
Spouse	Taichang Emperor
Issue	Zhu Youjian, Chongzhen Emperor
Posthumous name
	Empress Dowager Xiàochún gōngyì shūmù zhuāngjìng pítiān yùshèng; 孝纯恭懿淑穆莊静毘天毓圣皇太后
Clan	Liu (劉)
Father	Liu Yingyuan (劉應元)
Mother	Esteemed Lady Xu of the State of Ying; (灜國太夫人徐氏)

Empress Dowager Xiaochun (9 October 1593 – 28 August 1614), surnamed Liu, was a Ming Dynasty concubine of the Taichang Emperor and biological mother of the Chongzhen Emperor.[1]

Biography

Lady Liu became a concubine of Zhu Changluo when he was the crown prince. She was of the rank lady (Chinese: 淑女; pinyin: shūnǚ), a low-level concubine.[1]

In February 1611, Lady Liu gave birth to a son named Zhu Youjian. In 1614, her husband became infuriated with Lady Liu and ordered that she be punished, at which point Lady Liu was killed.[1] It is debated whether the crown prince ordered Lady Liu's death, or it occurred accidentally while she was being disciplined.[2]

Legacy

Fearing reproachment for Lady Liu's death from his father, as well as the spirits and ancestors, the crown prince forbade the palace staff from mentioning the affair and had Lady Liu buried in the Western Hills near Beijing.[1]

On the succession of the Tianqi Emperor in 1620, Zhu Youjian was given the title King of Xin (信) and Lady Liu was posthumously awarded the title Consort Xian (Chinese: 賢妃). During this time, Zhu Youjian uncovered the location of his mother's resting place from his attendants.[1]

When Zhu Youjian succeeded to the imperial throne as the Chongzhen Emperor in 1627, he granted his mother the posthumous title of Empress Dowager Xiaochun gongyi shumu zhuangjing pitian yusheng. The Chongzhen Emperor also moved her tomb to Qingling to be buried alongside her husband.[1]

Portrait

As the Chongzhen Emperor had been only five years old at the time of her death, he requested that someone obtain a portrait of his mother for him. Consort Yi (Chinese: 傅懿妃) had been a concubine of the Taichang Emperor along with Lady Liu when he was crown prince and had lived in a palace close to her. Consort Yi found a palace attendant who looked similar to Lady Liu and ordered her mother, Esteemed Lady Xu of the State of Ying, to oversee the project.[1] On its completion, the portrait was brought through Zhengyang Gate (Chinese: 正陽門). The emperor knelt to greet the portrait and it was hung in the palace. Old servants were summoned and asked if the portrait resembled Lady Liu, after which the emperor and all in attendance wept.[1]

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References

Notes

Zhang Tingyu (1739), volume 114
zhouchen, ed. (18 October 2016). "孝纯皇后简介揭秘孝纯皇后是怎么死的？" [Biography of Empress Xiaochun: How did Emrpess Xiaochun die?]. Qulishi.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 22 June 2017.

Works cited

Zhang Tingyu, ed. (1739). "《明史》卷一百十四列传第二" [History of Ming, Volume 114, Historical Biographies 2]. Lishichunqiu Net (in Chinese). Lishi Chunqiu. Retrieved 22 June 2017.

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[zhang-1] Zhang Tingyu (1739), volume 114

[qulishi-2] zhouchen, ed. (18 October 2016). "孝纯皇后简介揭秘孝纯皇后是怎么死的？" [Biography of Empress Xiaochun: How did Emrpess Xiaochun die?]. Qulishi.net (in Chinese). Retrieved 22 June 2017.