Emperor scorpion

The emperor scorpion, Pandinus imperator, is a species of scorpion native to rainforests and savannas in West Africa. It is one of the largest scorpions in the world and lives for 6–8 years. Its body is black, but like other scorpions it glows pastel green or blue under ultraviolet light. It is a popular species in the pet trade, and is protected by CITES.

Emperor scorpion
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Scorpiones
Family: Scorpionidae
Genus: Pandinus
Species:
P. imperator
Binomial name
Pandinus imperator
(Koch, 1842)
Emperor scorpions fluoresce under UV light.
Determining the sex of an emperor scorpion.
Stinger of wild Pandinus imperator in southern Ghana

Description
An emperor scorpion on sand.

The emperor scorpion (Pandinus imperator) is one of the largest species of scorpion in the world, with adults averaging about 20 centimetres (7.9 in) in length and a weight of 30 g.[2] However, some species of forest scorpions are fairly similar to the emperor scorpion in size, and one scorpion, Heterometrus swammerdami, holds the record for being the world's largest scorpion at 9 inches (23 cm) in length.[3] The large pincers are blackish-red and have a granular texture. The front part of the body, or prosoma, is made up of four sections, each with a pair of legs. Behind the fourth pair of legs are comb-like structures known as pectines, which tend to be longer in males than in females. The tail, known as the metasoma, is long and curves back over the body. It ends in the large receptacle containing the venom glands and is tipped with a sharp, curved stinger. Scorpion stings can be categorized as mild (similar to a bee sting) to severe to humans depending on the species. Most people are not affected by the emperor scorpion's sting, though some people may be allergic to scorpion stings in general.[4] Sensory hairs cover the pincers and tail, enabling the emperor scorpion to detect prey through vibrations in the air and ground.[5]

When gravid (pregnant), the body of a female expands to expose the whitish membranes connecting the segments. The emperor scorpion fluoresces greenish-blue under ultra-violet light.[6][7]

They are known for their docile behavior and almost harmless sting; they do not use their sting to defend themselves when they are adults, however, they may use it in their adolescent stages. They prefer to use their pincers to crush and dismember their prey, their exoskeleton is very sclerotic, causing them to have a metallic greenish black color.

They are often confused with a similar genus (Heterometrus), and are one of the most famous scorpions.

Different ion channel toxins have been isolated from the venom of the emperor scorpion, including Pi1,[8] Pi2,[9][10] Pi3,[9] Pi4[11] and Pi7.[12]

Habitat and distribution

The emperor scorpion is an African rainforest species,[13] but also present in savanna. It is found in a number of African countries, including Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Togo, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Cameroon.[7]

This species inhabits both tropical forest and open savannas. The emperor scorpion burrows beneath the soil and hides beneath rocks and debris,[5] and also often burrows in termite mounds.[14]

Feeding habits

In the wild, emperor scorpions primarily consume insects and other terrestrial invertebrates, although termites constitute a large portion of their diet. Larger vertebrates, such as rodents and lizards, are occasionally eaten. Emperor scorpions will burrow through termite mounds up to 6 feet deep in order to hunt prey. Their large claws help in tearing apart prey while their tail stinger injects venom at the same time for liquifying food. Juveniles rely on their venomous sting to paralyze prey while adults use their large claws to tear apart prey.

Conservation and human impact
  • Young female emperor scorpion kept as a pet
  • P. imperator is very docile and tolerant of human contact.

African emperor scorpion venom contains the toxins imperatoxin[15] and pandinotoxin.

Due to its docile nature, large size, and hardiness, P. imperator is a popular scorpion in the pet trade, which has led to such over-collecting in the wild that it is now a CITES-listed animal.[1] They feed readily on crickets and worms available to keepers, and they can live up to 8 years in captivity.

Comparison with the Asian Forest Scorpion
Emperor scorpions usually have rough, thicker claws that show more reddish coloration
Emperor scorpions babies usually show visible redness in their pincers.
Baby Asian Forest scorpions have yellow or very dark yellow pincers, but lack the redness that baby emperor scorpions exhibit.

Emperor scorpions are often confused with Asian Forest scorpions (Heterometrus sp.) And the 2 species are very similar in looks. Both are very popular as pets due to their impressive size, mild venom, and usually docile nature. However, and while this may vary, Asian Forest scorpions tend to be more high strung and defensive than emperor scorpions, and there are noticeable differences between the two in the claws and stinger. Emperors have rough pincers, which also tend to be shorter but thicker than those of their Asian counterparts. Asian Forest scorpions lack the red coloration that emperor scorpion pincers often exhibit, and their telson and aculeus are black, while emperor scorpions tend to have yellow to reddish yellow telson as juveniles that turn red as they mature. Even as babies there's a distinct visual difference, as emperor scorpion scorplings usually show quite visible red pigmentation in their pincers, which is completely absent in baby Asian Forest scorpions.

gollark: Great, I'll keep them and work out the ToDs and stuff.
gollark: I'm currently just interested in "is there actually a decent chance of someone being there".
gollark: Running three more experiments in four days because my last one went okay; is anyone available in 4d5h or so for catching?
gollark: I don't think it's 8-9 UV specifically. I stuck that one egg I actually experimented on properly in hatcheries but had very few ARers, and it turned.
gollark: If I were to release it generally, it'd need a GUI and stuff which I can't be bothered to make.

References
This article incorporates text from the ARKive fact-file "Emperor scorpion" under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License and the GFDL.
  1. UNEP-WCMC. "Pandinus imperator (Koch, 1841)". UNEP-WCMC Species Database: CITES-Listed Species. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
  2. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090129081549/http://www.arkive.org/emperor-scorpion/pandinus-imperator/ ARKive
  3. Manny Rubio (2000). "Commonly Available Scorpions". Scorpions: Everything About Purchase, Care, Feeding, and Housing. Barron's Educational Series. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-0-7641-1224-9. The emperor scorpion can reach an overall length of more than 8 inches (20 cm). It is erroneously claimed to be the largest living scorpion in the world. However, some species of Forest Scorpions are its equal. [...] Emperor scorpions have the same venom as a bee.The Guinness Book of Records claims a Forest Scorpion native to rural India, Heterometrus swammerdami, to be the largest scorpion in the world (9 inches [23 cm]).
  4. "Scorpion Emperor Care Sheet" (PDF). Petco. 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-07-11. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
  5. "Emperor Scorpion". The Animal Information Centre. March 2005. Archived from the original on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
  6. "Emperor Scorpion". The Big Zoo. March 2005. Archived from the original on 2011-08-04.
  7. Emperor scorpion media from ARKive Accessed October 20, 2011.
  8. Olamendi-Portugal, T.; Gómez-Lagunas, F.; Gurrola, G. B.; Possani, L. D. (1996-05-01). "A novel structural class of K+-channel blocking toxin from the scorpion Pandinus imperator". The Biochemical Journal. 315 (3): 977–981. doi:10.1042/bj3150977. ISSN 0264-6021. PMC 1217303. PMID 8645186.
  9. Gómez-Lagunas, F.; Olamendi-Portugal, T.; Zamudio, F. Z.; Possani, L. D. (1996-07-01). "Two novel toxins from the venom of the scorpion Pandinus imperator show that the N-terminal amino acid sequence is important for their affinities towards Shaker B K+ channels". The Journal of Membrane Biology. 152 (1): 49–56. doi:10.1007/s002329900084. ISSN 0022-2631. PMID 8660410.
  10. Klenk, K. C.; Tenenholz, T. C.; Matteson, D. R.; Rogowski, R. S.; Blaustein, M. P.; Weber, D. J. (2000-03-01). "Structural and functional differences of two toxins from the scorpion Pandinus imperator". Proteins. 38 (4): 441–449. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0134(20000301)38:4<441::aid-prot9>3.0.co;2-l. ISSN 0887-3585. PMID 10707030.
  11. Olamendi-Portugal, T.; Gómez-Lagunas, F.; Gurrola, G. B.; Possani, L. D. (1998-05-01). "Two similar peptides from the venom of the scorpion Pandinus imperator, one highly effective blocker and the other inactive on K+ channels". Toxicon. 36 (5): 759–770. doi:10.1016/s0041-0101(97)00163-3. ISSN 0041-0101. PMID 9655636.
  12. Delepierre, M.; Prochnicka-Chalufour, A.; Boisbouvier, J.; Possani, L. D. (1999-12-21). "Pi7, an orphan peptide from the scorpion Pandinus imperator: a 1H-NMR analysis using a nano-NMR Probe". Biochemistry. 38 (51): 16756–16765. doi:10.1021/bi991685m. ISSN 0006-2960. PMID 10606507.
  13. Rod Preston-Mafham; Ken Preston-Mafham (1993). The Encyclopedia of Land Invertebrate Behaviour. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-16137-4.
  14. "Scorpion Systematics Research Group". American Museum of Natural History. November 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  15. Fernando Z. Zamudio; Renaud Conde; Carolina Arévalo; Baltazar Becerril; Brian M. Martin; Hector H. Valdivia; Lourival D. Possani (1997). "The mechanism of inhibition of ryanodine receptor channels by imperatoxin I, a heterodimeric protein from the scorpion Pandinus imperator". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (18): 11886–11894. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.18.11886. PMID 9115249.
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