Eli Broad

Eli Broad (/broʊd/; born June 6, 1933) is an American billionaire entrepreneur and philanthropist. As of June 2019, Forbes ranked Broad as the 233rd wealthiest person in the world[2] and the 78th wealthiest person in the United States, with an estimated net worth of $6.7 billion.[3] Broad is known for his philanthropic commitment to public K–12 education, scientific and medical research and the visual and performing arts.[4]

Eli Broad
Born (1933-06-06) June 6, 1933
Bronx, New York, U.S.
MonumentsThe Broad
NationalityAmerican
Alma materMichigan State University
OccupationFounder, The Broad Foundations; Co-founder, KB Home; Founder, SunAmerica; Philanthropist
Home townDetroit, Michigan, US
Net worth US$6.8 billion (November 2019)[1]
Height5′9″
Political partyDemocratic Party
Spouse(s)Edythe Lawson
Children2

Early life and education

Broad was born in 1933 in the Bronx, New York, the only child of Lithuanian Jewish immigrant parents who met in New York.[5][6] His father worked as a house painter, and his mother worked as a dressmaker.[5] His family moved to Detroit, Michigan when he was six years old.[5][6] In Detroit, his father was a union organizer, and owned five-and-dime stores.[7] Broad attended Detroit Public Schools and graduated from Detroit Central High School in 1951.[5][6]

Broad attended Michigan State University, majoring in accounting with a minor in economics and graduating cum laude in 1954. Among the jobs Broad held in college were selling women's shoes, selling garbage disposals door-to-door, and working as a drill press operator at Packard Motor, where he was a member of United Auto Workers.[5] The same year, 21-year-old Broad married 18-year-old Edythe "Edye" Lawson.[5]

Broad became the youngest Michigan resident to attain the credentials of Certified Public Accountant (CPA), a record he held until 2010. Broad worked as an accountant for two years and taught night classes at the Detroit Institute of Technology as an assistant professor of accounting in 1956.[5] Wanting to work on his own, he founded his own accounting firm and was offered office space by the husband of his wife's cousin, Donald Bruce Kaufman, in return for doing the books for Kaufman's small homebuilding and subcontracting business.[6]

Career

Kaufman & Broad

Doing the accounting for Kaufman's small business led Broad to decide to enter homebuilding himself. In 1956, Broad and Kaufman decided to partner and build homes together.[6] Borrowing $12,500 from his wife's parents, Broad put up half the capital in their first venture together, building two model homes in the Northeast Detroit suburbs[6] where a new generation of first-time home buyers were flocking. By streamlining the construction process and eliminating basements, offering a carport instead, they could price the houses so the monthly mortgage would be less than the rent for a two-bedroom apartment. Kaufman and Broad christened this model the "Award Winner" and priced it at $13,700.[6][7] After one weekend, seventeen were sold and within two years, Kaufman and Broad had built 600 homes in the Detroit suburbs.[6] In 1960, fearing that the Detroit economy was too dependent on the automotive business, they moved to Phoenix, Arizona.[6] In 1961, Kaufman and Broad Home Corporation (now KB Home) went public on the American Stock Exchange.[8] In 1963, Broad moved the company to Los Angeles. Soon after, Kaufman retired and he and his wife Glorya Kaufman went on to become noted philanthropists.[6] By 1969, KB Home was the first homebuilder listed on the New York Stock Exchange.[8] In 1974, Broad stepped down as CEO.[6]

SunAmerica

In 1971, Broad acquired Sun Life Insurance Company of America, a family-owned insurance company founded in Baltimore in 1890, for $52 million.[9] Broad transformed Sun Life into the retirement savings powerhouse SunAmerica. SunAmerica went public in 1989, andowned 42% of it by 1998. In 1998, he sold SunAmerica to the American International Group (AIG) for $17.8 billion after only 3 weeks of secret negotiations.[10] Broad continued as CEO of SunAmerica until 1999, when he left to focus on philanthropy full-time.

Writing

In 2012, Broad's book, The Art of Being Unreasonable: Lessons in Unconventional Thinking,[11] was published by Wiley and Sons and debuted as a New York Times, Wall Street Journal, USA Today, and Washington Post bestseller.[12][13]

On June 25, 2019, The New York Times published an Op-Ed authored by Broad advocating for a wealth tax.[14]

Philanthropy and civic engagement
The Eli and Edythe Broad Plaza in front of the Caltrans District 7 Headquarters

Eli and Edythe Broad created The Broad Foundations,[15] which include The Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation and The Broad Art Foundation. These organizations have assets of $2.5 billion.[16]

In the same year as its founding in 2010,[17] the Broads signed onto The Giving Pledge, a commitment for wealthy individuals to give at least half of their wealth to charity.[18] The Broads personally committed to giving 75% of their wealth away.[19] As of October 2017, the Broads have given more than $4 billion to support K-12 public schools, advance scientific and medical research and bring contemporary art to as wide an audience as possible.[20]

In 2017, Broad announced his retirement from The Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation, passing responsibility to its president, Gerun Riley.[21] Broad said he would remain as a trustee of the Foundation, and continue to serve on the Board of The Broad museum. Broad said he was in good health and felt like it was time to "step back".[22]

Education

The stated mission of The Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation's education work is to expand learning opportunities to students from underserved communities so they can reach their full potential.[23] The Foundation has made $650 million in grants since it launched in 1999.[24] In 2001, Broad founded The Broad Center, a nonprofit focused on developing school system leaders.[25]

The Broad Prize

From 2002 to 2014, The Broad Foundation awarded an annual $1 million Broad Prize for Urban Education.[26] The Broad Prize recognized the large urban school districts in America that have made the greatest improvement in student achievement while narrowing achievement gaps among low-income students and students of color. In 2012, the Foundation launched The Broad Prize for Public Charter Schools, which awarded $250,000 to the top charter management organization in the country. Over the course of 17 years, prize money totaling nearly $18 million went to support college scholarships and college readiness programs.[27] Both prizes were officially sunsetted in 2019.[28]

The Broad Center

The Broad Center identifies, develops and supports outstanding leaders who are inspired to work towards transforming public education into an engine of excellence and equity.[29][30] The nonprofit includes two highly selective professional development programs, The Broad Academy and The Broad Residency in Urban Education.[30] The Broad Academy supports current and aspiring superintendents of urban public school districts, public charter school networks, and state departments of education as they work to grow their organizations' effectiveness and increase their impact.[31] The Broad Residency in Urban Education is a two-year program that matches early- to mid-career professionals with management roles in urban public school systems while earning an accredited masters in education.[32]

Arts

Broad has been an influential figure in the art world since 1973 and has had a particular focus on the cultural life of Los Angeles.

Broad was the founding chairman of the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles in 1979 and chaired the board until 1984. He recruited the founding director of the museum[33] and negotiated the acquisition of the Panza Collection for the museum.

In 2008, The Broad Foundation donated $30 million to the museum. The Foundation's donation was contingent on the museum remaining independent and not merging with Los Angeles County Museum of Art.[34]

Broad is a life trustee of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA). In 2003, The Broad Foundation gave $60 million to the museum as part of its renovation campaign to create the Broad Contemporary Art Museum and for an art acquisition fund.[35]

The Broads donated $6 million to the Los Angeles Opera to bring Richard Wagner's opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen to Los Angeles for the 2009–10 season.[36] In June 2013, the Broads gave $7 million to continue funding the Eli and Edythe Broad general director at L.A. Opera, currently occupied by Plácido Domingo.

The Broads contributed $10 million in 2008 for a programming endowment for a state-of-the-art music and performing arts center at Santa Monica College, The Eli and Edythe Broad Stage, and an adjacent black box performance space, The Edye.

In total, the Broads have pledged roughly $1 billion to Los Angeles art institutions. Broad now calls Los Angeles a "cultural capital of the world".[37]

The Broad Museum under construction, 2015

The Broad
Main article: The Broad

In August 2010, Eli Broad announced that he would build a contemporary art museum in Los Angeles.[38] Diller Scofidio + Renfro were chosen through an architectural competition to design the approximately 120,000-square-foot museum, which includes exhibition space, offices and a parking garage.[39]

In February 2015, a public preview of a special installation attracted some 3,500 visitors while the museum was still under construction.[40] The museum opened by Broad and his wife on Sunday, September 20, 2015.[41] To date, it has received more than 2.5 million visitors.[42]

Grand Avenue project

In 2000, Broad founded the Grand Avenue Committee, which coordinated and oversaw the further development of Grand Avenue in Los Angeles.[43] He was involved in the fundraising campaign to build the Walt Disney Concert Hall, which opened in October 2003. Broad was instrumental in securing the $50 million deposit from the project developer that opened Grand Park in summer 2012.

The Eli and Edythe Broad Art Museum of Michigan State University at 547 East Circle Drive, East Lansing, Michigan.
UCLA's Broad Art Center, by Richard Meier houses the UCLA School of the Arts and Architecture

Higher education philanthropic work

Broad's first civic board membership and significant investment in education was a $10 million commitment to Pitzer College in 1970. In 1973, he was named chairman of the board.[44]

In 1991, Broad endowed the Eli Broad College of Business and the Eli Broad Graduate School of Management with $20 million for a full-time MBA program at his alma mater, Michigan State University (MSU).[45] The couple gave $5 million to endow the Eli and Edythe L. Broad Dean of Business.

In 2000, Broad gave $23.2 million for the Broad Art Center at UCLA, designed by Richard Meier.[46] Eli and Edythe Broad donated $28 million to MSU for the construction of the Eli and Edythe Broad Art Museum, designed by Pritzker Architecture Prize-winning architect Zaha Hadid. The museum opened in November 2012.[47] In 2014, The Broad Foundation announced a $5 million gift to the Broad Art Museum at MSU to support exhibitions.[48] That same year, the Broads also announced a $25 million grant to expand the Eli Broad College of Business, bringing the couples total giving to MSU to nearly $100 million.[49]

Scientific and medical research

The Broad Foundation's first major investment in scientific and medical research was in the field of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).[50] Since then, the Foundation has expanded its scope to focus on genomics and stem cell research.[51]

In 2001, the Broads created the Broad Medical Research Program to fund innovative research to advance the treatment of IBD. The program was merged with the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America in 2013.[52]

In 2003, Eli and Edythe Broad gave the $100 million founding gift to create the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard,[53] which aims to improve human health by using genomics to advance the understanding of the biology of human disease and lay the groundwork for a new generation of therapies.[54] The following year, they gave another $100 million, and in 2009, they gave another $400 million to create an endowment and make the institute an independent nonprofit.[55] In 2013, the Broads announced an additional $100 million gift to the institute.[56] The Broad Institute now connects more than 4,000 scientists with an annual budget of more than $400 million.[57]

The Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at the University of Southern California (USC) is the product of a public-private partnership between voter-created California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, the Keck School of Medicine of USC and The Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation, which donated $30 million in 2006.[58] In 2007, the Broads also donated $20 million to the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).[59] One year later, they gave a major gift to the University of California, San Francisco for the new headquarters of the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, which opened in February 2011.

Broad is also a life member of the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) Board of Trustees where he funded the Broad Center for the Biological Sciences.[60] In 2009, the Broads gave $5 million to fund the Joint Center for Translational Medicine at Caltech and UCLA. In 2018, the Broads pledged $5 million to Caltech to endow a professorial chair in honor of Caltech President Emeritus David Baltimore.[61]

Gun Control

Starting in 2009, The Broad Foundation funded research on firearm violence[62] and loopholes in gun-safety laws[63] at the Violence Prevention Research Program at the UC Davis School of Medicine and Medical Center. In August 2013, Broad donated $250,000 to oppose the recalls of Colorado Senate President John Morse and Senator Angela Giron, who were being recalled for their support of gun control measures, including a ban on magazines of 15 rounds or more.[64] Broad served on the advisory committee for gun control group Everytown For Gun Safety when it launched in 2014.[65] In 2018, he pledged $1 million to the group.[66]

Art collection

Eli Broad was drawn into the art world by his wife Edye's interest in collecting.[67] Their first major purchase was made in 1973, when he and Edye first acquired a Van Gogh drawing entitled Cabanes a Saintes-Maries, 1888.[68] Art collector and MCA executive Taft Schreiber became their mentor.[69] The Broads' early acquisitions included notable works by Miró, Picasso and Matisse.[70] Eventually, the pair began to concentrate on post–World War II art.[71]

Eli and Edythe Broad established The Broad Art Foundation in 1984 with the goal of making their extensive contemporary art collection more accessible to the public.

The Broads have two collections focusing on postwar and contemporary art—a personal collection with nearly 600 works and The Broad Art Foundation's collection, which has approximately 1,500 works.[72]

Some of the best-known works are by contemporary artists including:[73]

  • John Baldessari – Tips for Artists Who Want to Sell, 1966-68;[74] The Spectator is Compelled…, 1967-68[75]
  • Mark Bradford – Helter Skelter I, 2007,[76] which set a world record auction price for the artist when Broad purchased it for $12 million USD at a Phillips auction in March 2018;[77] Deep Blue, 2018, which was prominently featured in a 60 Minutes profile on the artist conducted by Anderson Cooper[78]
  • Damien Hirst – Away From the Flock, 1994[79]
  • Jasper Johns – Watchman, 1964;[80] Flag, 1967;[81] and Untitled, 1975, which was one of the Broads’ first major contemporary art acquisitions when they began collecting art[82]
  • Ragnar Kjartansson – The Visitors, 2012[83]
  • Jeff Koons – Rabbit, 1986,[84] was acquired in 1995 and is one of only four in the world. Another edition of Rabbit sold for $91 million USD to a private collector at Christie's auction in May 2019, setting a new auction record for work by a living artist;[85] the first edition of Balloon Dog (Blue), 1994-2000;[86] and Cracked Egg (Red), 1994-2006,[87] purchased for $3.5 million USD in 2006.[88] Broad owns 36 Koons pieces,[89] and donated €640,000 ($900,000 USD) to help sponsor a 2008 Koons retrospective at Versailles (with fellow Koons collector François Pinault).[90]
  • Barbara Kruger – Untitled (your body is a battleground), 1989[91]
  • Yayoi Kusama – Infinity Mirrored Room – The Souls of Millions of Light Years Away, 2013.[92] Grammy winner Adele personally requested to film a performance of her hit song, "When We Were Young," inside the room for the 2016 Brit Awards.[93]
  • Roy Lichtenstein – Live Ammo (Blang), 1962;[94] Mirror #1, 1969;[95] I...I'm Sorry, 1965-66,[96] which was purchased for $2.5 million USD at a Sotheby's auction in November 1994. Broad paid with his American Express credit card, and thereby earned 2.5 million frequent flyer miles.[97]
  • Takashi Murakami – In the Land of the Dead, Stepping on the Tail of a Rainbow, 2014,[98] which was featured in the 2019 special exhibition at the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C., The Life of Animals in Japanese Art[99]
  • Robert Rauschenberg – Untitled, 1954[100]
  • Edward Ruscha – the artist's first word painting, Boss, 1961,[101] and Norm's, La Cienega, On Fire, 1964[102]
  • Cindy Sherman – the Broads own the world's largest collection of Sherman works, which consists of 127 photographs[103]
  • David Smith – Cubi XXVIII,1965.[104] Broad's October 2005 purchase at a Sotheby's auction set a contemporary art auction record of $23 million USD.[105] Broad claimed he had been “trying to find a 'Cubi' for more than a decade."[106]
  • Robert Therrien – Under the Table, 1994[107]
  • Andy Warhol – Two Marilyns, 1962;[108] Twenty Jackies, 1964;[109] Single Elvis [Ferus Type], 1963;[110] Where is your Rupture? [1], 1961[111] and Most Wanted Men No. 6, Thomas Francis C., 1964[112] (both were works were loaned to the Whitney Museum’s 2019 special exhibition, Andy Warhol — From A to B and Back Again, which also traveled to the SFMOMA and the Art Institute of Chicago[113]); Big Electric Chair, 1967-68;[114] Campbell’s Soup Can (Clam Chowder – Manhattan Style) [Ferus Type], 1962;[115] Dance Diagram [3] [“The Lindy Tuck-In Turn-Man], 1962[116]

Honors and awards

He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and in 1994 was named Chevalier in the National Order of the Legion of Honor by the Republic of France.[117] From 2004 to 2009, Broad served as a regent of the Smithsonian Institution.[118] He received the Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy in 2007[119] and the David Rockefeller Award from the Museum of Modern Art in March 2009.[120] In October 2013, the Broads were awarded the William E. Simon Prize for Philanthropic Leadership by Philanthropy Roundtable.[121] Broad serves on the board of the Future Generation Art Prize.[122] Broad was named one of Time Magazine's Most Influential People in the World in 2016.[123] In 2018, Broad and his wife were named Distinguished Philanthropists at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C.[124] In the same year, they received the American Federation of the Arts Cultural Leadership award.[125] In 2019, Eli and Edythe Broad received honorary degrees from the University of Southern California.[126]

Charter school controversy

In 2015, the Los Angeles Times obtained a secret 44-page proposal drafted by The Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation and other charter advocates that was designed to charterize 50% of LA public schools.[127] The result was the creation of Great Public Schools Now, a nonprofit organization.[128]

Books
  • The Art of Being Unreasonable: Lessons in Unconventional Thinking (ISBN 978-1118173213).[5][11]
gollark: If your issue is FPS, then that is not serverside.
gollark: I can try restarting it (please make sure to install Ender Storage, by the way, since I added that) and see if that helps.
gollark: I'll try and get more RAM.
gollark: Since I doubt my network has been getting worse, it might actually be serverside.
gollark: Well, that's weird.

See also

References
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  2. "Eli Broad". Forbes. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  3. "Forbes 400 2018". Forbes. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
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  5. Broad, Eli (2012-05-08). The Art of Being Unreasonable. wiley. ISBN 978-1118173213. the art of being unreasonable.
  6. Los Angeles Magazine: "A Little Thing Called Power - He has more pull than the mayor, more art than the Getty, and more money than God. Does Eli Broad own LA?" by Ed Leibowitz June 2003
  7. Bruck, Connie (December 10, 2010). "The Art of the Billionaire". The New Yorker. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  8. "KB Home (KBH)". Reuters.
  9. "About Us | The Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation". The Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation. Retrieved 2017-08-08.
  10. HAMILTON, WALTER (21 August 1998). "AIG to Buy SunAmerica : Insurance Giant Makes $16.5-Billion Deal for Annuity Marketer". Los Angeles Times.
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  35. Boehm, Mike (March 6, 2007). "BP gives $25 million to LACMA: The BP donation will go toward a solar entrance that the British oil firm hopes will invoke energy innovation" (– Scholar search). Los Angeles Times.
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  39. David Ng and Jori Finkel (August 23, 2010), It's official: Eli Broad will build his art museum downtown; Diller Scofidio + Renfro will design Los Angeles Times.
  40. Kelly Crow (May 26, 2015), Eli and Edythe Broad Build a Museum for Their Art Collection WSJ..
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  45. "History of the Broad College". Retrieved September 18, 2013.
  46. "Website of Richard Meier". Retrieved June 22, 2016.
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  49. "$25 million grant from Eli and Edythe Broad to expand MSU business college". The Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation. 2016-03-16. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
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  58. Lewit, Meghan. "USC breaks ground on cutting-edge stem cell center". Usc.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-05-26. Retrieved 2011-04-25.
  59. "UCLA Stem Cell Institute website". Retrieved 2016-06-22.
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  62. Marketing, UC Davis Health, Public Affairs and. "UC Davis study finds stray-bullet shootings frequently harm women and children". www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  63. "UC Davis report exposes loopholes in gun-control laws ─ UC Davis Health System Feature Story". health.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  64. Stokols, Eli (2013-08-27). "Bloomberg gives $350K to Morse, Giron recall defense". KDVR Denver. Billionaire Eli Broad also wrote a $250,000 check to the organization, which raised a total of $708,000 in contributions between April and Aug. 22.
  65. "New Gun Violence Prevention Group "Everytown for Gun Safety" Unites Mayors, Moms and Millions of Americans on New Paths to Victory: State Capitols, Corporate Responsibility, Voter Activation". Everytown for Gun Safety. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
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  75. "The Spectator Is Compelled... - John Baldessari | The Broad". www.thebroad.org. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  76. "Eli Broad's Museum Is the Buyer of the Record-Setting $12 Million Mark Bradford Painting". artnet News. 2018-03-16. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  77. "Mark Bradford 'Helter Skelter' Painting Sells for Nearly $12 Million, Highest-Ever Auction Price for Work by Living African American Artist". Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  78. "Mark Bradford: The 60 Minutes Interview". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  79. LACMA Press release, accessed, December 12, 2010 Archived December 5, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  80. "Watchman - Jasper Johns | The Broad". www.thebroad.org. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  81. "Flag - Jasper Johns | The Broad". www.thebroad.org. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  82. Martin, Brittany (2018-02-07). "This Jasper Johns Retrospective Is the Broad's Next Must-See Exhibit Los Angeles Magazine". Los Angeles Magazine. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  83. "The Visitors - Ragnar Kjartansson | The Broad". www.thebroad.org. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  84. "Rabbit - Jeff Koons | The Broad". www.thebroad.org. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  85. Vankin, Deborah (2019-05-16). "Jeff Koons' 'Rabbit' sculpture breaks auction record for a living artist: $91 million". latimes.com. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  86. "Balloon Dog (Blue) - Jeff Koons | The Broad". www.thebroad.org. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  87. "Cracked Egg (Red) - Jeff Koons | The Broad". www.thebroad.org. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  88. "Eli Broad adds a 'Cracked Egg' to his Koons pieces". Los Angeles Times. 2006-10-12. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
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  90. Covington, Richard (November 2008). "Where Michael Jackson Meets Louis XIV: How the Jeff Koons exhibition at Versailles led to a national controversy in France". ArtNews. ARTNews, Nov. 2008, p. 104: "One of the main sponsors helping to defray that cost was Pinault, who, officials say, contributed about €960,000 toward the exhibition's €1.9 million ($2.6 million) total cost. (Other private sponsors, including Los Angeles property developers Eli and Edythe Broad, who count more than 20 Koons pieces in their collection, contributed €640,000 [$900,000], and the state chipped in €300,000 [$400,000], according to Versailles officials.)"
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  92. "Infinity Mirrored Room - The Souls of Millions of Light Years Away - Yayoi Kusama | The Broad". www.thebroad.org. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  93. Dazed (2016-03-03). "Adele performs inside a Yayoi Kusama Infinity Mirrored Room". Dazed. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
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  95. "Mirror #1 - Roy Lichtenstein | The Broad". www.thebroad.org. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  96. "I...I'm Sorry! - Roy Lichtenstein | The Broad". www.thebroad.org. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  97. "Art Collecting, Eli Broad Style". 2019-06-25. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  98. "In the Land of the Dead, Stepping on the Tail of a Rainbow - Takashi Murakami | The Broad". www.thebroad.org. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  99. "The Life of Animals in Japanese Art". www.nga.gov. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  100. "Untitled - Robert Rauschenberg | The Broad". www.thebroad.org. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  101. "Boss - Ed Ruscha | The Broad". www.thebroad.org. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  102. "Norm's, La Cienega, on Fire - Ed Ruscha | The Broad". www.thebroad.org. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  103. "Cindy Sherman: Imitation of Life | The Broad". www.thebroad.org. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  104. "Cubi XXVIII - David Smith | The Broad". www.thebroad.org. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
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  106. "Eli Broad buys a prized 'Cubi'". Los Angeles Times. 2005-11-12. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
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  108. "Two Marilyns - Andy Warhol | The Broad". www.thebroad.org. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  109. "Twenty Jackies - Andy Warhol | The Broad". www.thebroad.org. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  110. "Single Elvis [Ferus Type] - Andy Warhol | The Broad". www.thebroad.org. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  111. "Where is your Rupture? [1] - Andy Warhol | The Broad". www.thebroad.org. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  112. "Most Wanted Men No. 6, Thomas Francis C. - Andy Warhol | The Broad". www.thebroad.org. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  113. "Andy Warhol— From A to B and Back Again". whitney.org. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  114. "Big Electric Chair - Andy Warhol | The Broad". www.thebroad.org. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  115. "Campbell's Soup Can (Clam Chowder - Manhattan Style) [Ferus Type] - Andy Warhol | The Broad". www.thebroad.org. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  116. "Dance Diagram [3] ["The Lindy Tuck-In Turn-Man"] - Andy Warhol | The Broad". www.thebroad.org. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
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  122. "Second edition of the Victor Pinchuk Foundation's $100,000 Future Generation Art Prize is announced". Future Generation Art Prize. February 6, 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-10-04.
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