Elachistidae

The Elachistidae (grass-miner moths) are a family of small moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea. Some authors lump about 3,300 species in eight subfamilies here, but this arrangement almost certainly results in a massively paraphyletic and completely unnatural assemblage, united merely by symplesiomorphies retained from the first gelechioid moths.

Elachistidae
Adult Elachista rufocinerea, demonstrating its tiny size versus an aphid (bottom left) and a spider mite (top left)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Infraorder:	Heteroneura
Clade:	Eulepidoptera
Clade:	Ditrysia
Clade:	Apoditrysia
Superfamily:	Gelechioidea
Family:	Elachistidae Bruand, 1851
Diversity
47 living genera (and see text)
Synonyms
Elachistinae (but see text)

In fact, most of these moths appear to be either closer to the Oecophorinae and are hence nowadays usually included in the Oecophoridae (Depressariinae, "Deuterogoniinae", Hypertrophinae, Stenomatinae and perhaps the enigmatic Aeolanthes), or constitute quite basal lineages of gelechioids, neither closely related to Elachista nor to Oecophora, and hence best treated as independent families within the Gelechioidea (Agonoxenidae, Ethmiidae). The genus Coelopoeta is sometimes[1] still placed here, but probably belongs in the Oecophorinae.

Consequently, the Elachistidae are essentially identical to the subfamily Elachistinae in the family's wide circumscription. The Agonoxenidae might perhaps belong here regardless, but even this is doubtful. Nonetheless, a considerable number of genera remain in the present family, and eventually it is likely that subdivisions will again be established (e.g. by raising some or all of the tribes proposed for the former Elachistinae to subfamily status).

A significant reduction of genera has been proposed, from the current mass of 20 genera to 3. The proposition was made on the premise of several distinguishing classifications, all of which are synapomorphies. Those include genital size and presence of digitate, adult abdomen segments without dorsal spines, absence of maxillary palpi and fronto-clypeal suture, and immobile abdominal segments in pupae and larvae. Various tribes were considered within the proposition, with most differentiation coming from genital structure.

In the modern, reduced description, the Elachistidae are small to very small moths (wingspans usually around 1 cm). Their wings appear feather-like due to the fine hair covering the wings' fringes, and the hindwings can be significantly reduced in area, essentially consisting of a small strip with a wide hairy fringe. The caterpillars are typically leaf miners or stem miners on Poales.

Genera

The genera of Elachistidae are:[2]

• Elachistinae
  • Elachista
  • Eretmograptis Meyrick, 1938
  • Mylocrita Meyrick, 1922
  • Myrrhinitis Meyrick, 1913
  • Perittia Stainton, 1854
  • Stephensia Stainton, 1858
  • Urodeta Stainton, 1869

Several small genera colored by some authors are here included in Elachista, as it would otherwise be liable to be non-monophyletic. As noted above, Aeolanthes may also belong here, as the only genus of a subfamily Aeolanthinae. Also possibly included is the Peruvian species Auxotricha ochrogypsa, described by Edward Meyrick in 1931 as the sole member of its genus.

• Parametriotinae Capuse, 1971
• Agonoxeninae Meyrick, 1925 (alternatively treated as a separate family)

Fossil record

Some prehistoric genera of Elachistidae, known only from fossils, have been described:[3]

• Elachistites Kozlov, 1987
• Microperittia Kozlov, 1987
• Palaeoelachista Kozlov, 1987
• Praemendesia Kozlov, 1987

Former genera

Annetennia Traugott-Olsen, 1995 Aristoptila Meyrick, 1932 Atmozostis Meyrick, 1932 Atrinia Sinev, 1992 Austriana Traugott-Olsen, 1995 Atmozostis Meyrick, 1932 Bradleyana Traugott-Olsen, 1995 Calamograptis Meyrick, 1937 (Tineidae) Canariana Traugott-Olsen, 1995 Cryphioxena Meyrick, 1921 (Bucculatricidae) Dicasteris Meyrick, 1906 Dicranoctetes Braun, 1918 Elachistoides Sruoga, 1992 Eupneusta Bradley, 1974 Gibraltarensis Traugott-Olsen, 1996 Habeleria Traugott-Olsen, 1995 Holstia Traugott-Olsen, 1995 Illantis Meyrick, 1921 Kumia Falkovich, 1986

Kuznetzoviana Traugott-Olsen, 1996 Mendesina de Joannis, 1902 Microplitica Meyrick, 1935 Ogmograptis Meyrick, 1935 (Bucculatricidae) Paraperittia Rebel, 1916 Perittoides Sinev, 1992 Petrochroa Busck, 1914 Phaneroctena A.J.Turner, 1923 (Cosmopterigidae) Phthinostoma Meyrick, 1914 Polymetis Walsingham, 1908 Proterochyta Meyrick, 1918 (Scythrididae) Sineviana Traugott-Olsen, 1995 Sruogania Traugott-Olsen, 1995 Symphoristis Meyrick, 1918 Whitebreadia Traugott-Olsen, 1995

Footnotes

1. See e.g. references in Savela (2004)
2. Wikispecies (2009-NOV-09), and see references in Savela (2004)
3. Wikispecies (2009-NOV-09)

References

Data related to Elachistidae at Wikispecies See also Gelechioidea Talk page for comparison of some approaches to gelechioid systematics and taxonomy.

• Savela, Markku (2004): Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms – Elachistidae. Version of 2004-OCT-03. Retrieved 2010-APR-21.
• Kaila, Lauri (1999): Phylogeny and classification of the Elachistidae s.s. (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea); Phylogeny and classification. Retrieved 2 November 2010.