Edict of Expulsion

The Edict of Expulsion was a royal decree issued by King Edward I of England on 18 July 1290 expelling all Jews from the Kingdom of England. Edward advised the sheriffs of all counties he wanted all Jews expelled by no later than All Saints' Day (1 November) that year. The expulsion edict remained in force for the rest of the Middle Ages. The edict was not an isolated incident, but the culmination of over 200 years of increasing persecution. The edict was overturned during the Protectorate more than 350 years later, when Oliver Cromwell permitted Jews to return to England in 1657.[1]

This article is about the 1290 Edict of Expulsion from England. For the 1492 Edict of Expulsion from Spain, see Alhambra Decree. For other historic instances of Jews being expelled from the lands where they resided, see Expulsions and exoduses of Jews.
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Background

The first Jewish communities of significant size came to England with William the Conqueror in 1066.[2] After the conquest of England, William instituted a feudal system in the country, whereby all estates formally belonged to the Crown; the king then appointed lords over these vast estates, but they were subject to duties and obligations (financial and military) to the king. Under the lords were other subjects such as serfs, who were bound and obliged to their lords, and to their lords' obligations. Merchants had a special status in the system, as did Jews. Jews were declared to be direct subjects of the king,[3] unlike the rest of the population. This was an ambivalent legal position for the Jewish population, in that they were not tied to any particular lord but were subject to the whims of the king, and it could be either advantageous or disadvantageous. Every successive king formally reviewed a royal charter, granting Jews the right to remain in England. Jews did not enjoy any of the guarantees of the Magna Carta[4] of 1215.

Economically, Jews played a key role in the country. The Church then strictly forbade the lending of money for profit, creating a vacuum in the economy of Europe that Jews filled because of extreme discrimination in every other economic area. Canon law was not considered applicable to Jews, and Judaism does not forbid loans with interest between Jews and non-Jews.[5] Taking advantage of their unique status as his direct subjects, the King could appropriate Jewish assets in the form of taxation. He levied heavy taxes on Jews at will, without having to summon Parliament.[6]

The reputation of Jews as extortionate money-lenders arose, which made them extremely unpopular with both the Church and the general public. While an anti-Jewish attitude was widespread in Europe, medieval England was particularly anti-Jewish.[4] An image of the Jew as a diabolical figure who hated Christ started to become widespread, and myths such as the tale of the Wandering Jew and allegations of ritual murders originated and spread throughout England as well as in Scotland and Wales.[7]

In frequent cases of blood libel, Jews were said to hunt for children to murder before Passover so that they could use their blood to make the unleavened matzah.[8] Anti-Jewish attitudes sparked numerous riots in which many Jews were murdered, most notably in 1190, when over 100 Jews were massacred in York.[8]

Expulsion
Expulsions of Jews in Europe from 1100 to 1600

The situation only got worse for Jews as the 13th century progressed. In 1218, Henry III of England proclaimed the Edict of the Badge requiring Jews to wear a marking badge.[9] Taxation grew increasingly intense. Between 1219 and 1272, 49 levies were imposed on Jews for a total of 200,000 marks, a vast sum of money.[6] Henry III imposed greater segregation and reinforced the wearing of badges in the 1253 Statute of Jewry. He endorsed the myth of Jewish child murders. Meanwhile, his court and major Barons bought Jewish debts with the intention of securing lands of lesser nobles through defaults. The Second Barons' War in the 1260s brought a series of pogroms aimed at destroying the evidence of these debts and Jewish communities in major towns, including London (where 500 Jews died), Worcester, Canterbury, and many other towns.[10]

The first major step towards expulsion took place in 1275, with the Statute of the Jewry. The statute outlawed all lending at interest and gave Jews fifteen years to readjust.[11]

In the duchy of Gascony in 1287, King Edward ordered the local Jews expelled.[12] All their property was seized by the crown and all outstanding debts payable to Jews were transferred to the King's name.[13] By the time he returned to England in 1289, King Edward was deeply in debt.[14] The next summer he summoned his knights to impose a steep tax. To make the tax more palatable, Edward, in exchange, essentially offered to expel all Jews.[15] The heavy tax was passed, and three days later, on 18 July,[16] the Edict of Expulsion was issued.[15]

One official reason for the expulsion was that Jews had declined to follow the Statute of Jewry and continued to practice usury. This is quite likely, as it would have been extremely hard for many Jews to take up the "respectable" occupations demanded by the Statute. The edict of expulsion was widely popular and met with little resistance, and the expulsion was quickly carried out.

The Jewish population in England at the time was relatively small, perhaps 2,000 people, although estimates vary.[17] The expulsion process appears to have been relatively non-violent, although there were some accounts to the contrary. One perhaps apocryphal story told of a captain taking a ship full of Jews to the Thames, en route to France, while the tide was low, and convincing them to go out for a walk with him. He then lost them and made it back to his ship quickly before the tide came back in, leaving them all to drown. King Edward was said to be incensed and had the captain executed for the crime.[13]

Many Jews emigrated, to Scotland, France and the Netherlands, and as far as Poland, which guaranteed their legal rights (see Statute of Kalisz).

Intermediate period

Between the expulsion of Jews in 1290 and their formal return in 1655, there are records of Jews in the Domus Conversorum up to 1551 and even later. An attempt was made to obtain a revocation of the edict of expulsion as early as 1310, but in vain. Notwithstanding, a certain number of Jews appeared to have returned; for complaints were made to the king in 1376 that some of those trading as Lombards were actually Jews.[18]

Occasionally permits were given to individuals to visit England, as in the case of Dr Elias Sabot (an eminent physician from Bologna summoned to attend Henry IV) in 1410, but it was not until the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492 and Portugal in 1497 that any considerable number of Sephardic Jews found refuge in England. In 1542 many were arrested on the suspicion of being Jews, and throughout the sixteenth century a number of persons named Lopez, possibly all of the same family, took refuge in England, the best known of them being Rodrigo López, physician to Queen Elizabeth I, and who is said by some commentators to have been the inspiration for Shylock.[19]

England also saw converts such as Immanuel Tremellius and Philip Ferdinand. Jewish visitors included Joachim Gaunse, who introduced new methods of mining into England and there are records of visits from Jews named Alonzo de Herrera and Simon Palache in 1614. The writings of John Weemes in the 1630s provided a positive view of the resettlement of Jews in England, effected in 1657.[20]

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See also

Notes
  1. Readmission of Jews to Britain in 1656, BBC
  2. Paul Johnson, A History of the Jews, p. 208
  3. Glassman 1975, p. 14.
  4. Rubenstein 1996, p. 36.
  5. Parkes 1976, p. 303.
  6. Rubenstein 1996, p. 37.
  7. Glassman 1975, p. 17.
  8. Rubenstein 1996, p. 39.
  9. Glassman 1975, p. 16.
  10. Jacobs 1903
  11. Prestwich 1997, p. 345
  12. Prestwich 1997, p. 306.
  13. Prestwich 1997, p. 346
  14. Prestwich 1997, p. 307
  15. Prestwich 1997, p. 343.
  16. On the Hebrew calendar, this date was 9 Av (Tisha B'Av) 5050.
  17. Mundill, Robin R. (2002). England's Jewish Solution: Experiment and Expulsion, 1262–1290. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. ISBN 0-521-52026-6.
  18. Rotuli Parliamentorum ii. 332a.
  19. Greenblatt, S. (2004), Will In The World: How Shakespeare Became Shakespeare, New York: W.W. Norton, ISBN 0-393-05057-2
  20. Bowman, John (1 January 1949). "A Seventeenth Century Bill of "Rights" for Jews". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 39 (4): 379–389. doi:10.2307/1453260. JSTOR 1453260.

References
  • Adler, Michael (1939), Jews of Medieval England, Edward Goldston.
  • Glassman, Bernard (1975), Anti-Semitic Stereotypes Without Jews: Images of the Jews in England 1290–1700, Wayne State University Press, ISBN 0-8143-1545-3.
  • Parkes, James (1976), The Jew in the Medieval Community, Hermon Press, ISBN 0-87203-059-8.
  • Powicke, Sir Maurice (1953), The Thirteenth Century, 1216–1307, Clarendon Press.
  • Prestwich, Michael (1997), Edward I, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-07157-4
  • Rubinstein, W. D. (1996), A History of the Jews in the English-Speaking World: Great Britain, Macmillan Press, ISBN 0-333-55833-2.
  •  Jacobs, Joseph (1903). "England". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. 5. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 161.
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