EML4-ALK positive lung cancer

EML4-ALK positive lung cancer is a primary malignant lung tumor whose cells contain a characteristic abnormal configuration of DNA wherein the echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4) gene is fused to the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene. This abnormal gene fusion leads to the production of a protein (EML4-ALK) that appears, in many cases, to promote and maintain the malignant behavior of the cancer cells.[1]

EML4-ALK positive lung cancer
Micrograph showing ALK positive lung adenocarcinoma. H&E stain.
SpecialtyOncology

The transforming EML4-ALK fusion gene was first reported in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) in 2007.[2]

Signs and symptoms

The signs and symptoms of this lung cancer variant seem to mimic those of the underlying major cell type.

Diagnosis

Classification

Most lung carcinomas containing the EML4-ALK gene fusion are adenocarcinomas.

Some studies suggest that the papillary adenocarcinoma and the signet ring cell adenocarcinoma[3] variants are more likely to carry this fused gene than other histological variants.

Screening
Micrograph showing an ALK positive adenocarcinoma of the lung. ALK immunostain.

Screening for ALK positive lung cancer is now a standard of care in the United States and Canada. Screening can be done with immunostaining, FISH, or next-generation sequencing (NGS).

Treatment

Crizotinib is a targeted therapy (FDA approved in 2011), manufactured by Pfizer and marketed under the brand name Xalkori and Crizalk that targets the EML4/ALK fusion gene.

Ceritinib is a second generation targeted therapy (FDA approved in 2014), manufactured by Novartis and sold under the brand name Zykadia that also targets the EML4 fusion gene, but as a second generation drug it has a smaller molecule that allows superior penetration of the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) over Crizotinib and is more capable of protecting the Central Nervous System (CNS).

Alectinib another second generation targeted therapy and was approved (for this) by Japan in 2014[4] and by US FDA in 2015.[5], manufactured by Genentech and marketed under the brand name Alecensa.

Brigatinib a second generation targeted therapy (FDA approved in 2017), manufactured by Takeda and is marketed under the brand name Alunbrig.

Ensartinib is a second generation targeted therapy (trial drug X-396), manufactured by XCovery.

Lorlatinib is a third generation targeted therapy (awaiting FDA approval under trial drug PF-6463922), manufactured by Pfizer.

TPX-0005 is a new third generation targeted therapy drug trial.

Prognosis

Treatment with crizotinib achieves 60% response rate[6]. However, crizotinib showed no improvement on overall survival compared to chemotherapy[7]. This may be due to the fact that there was a 70% crossover rate to crizotinib in patients treated initially with chemotherapy.[8] Also, patients who tested negative for EML4/ALK fusion had a response rate to crizotinib of up to 35%[9].

Epidemiology

EML4-ALK gene fusions occur almost exclusively in carcinomas arising in non-smokers.[10][11] About 4% of non-small-cell lung carcinomas involve an EML4-ALK tyrosine kinase fusion gene.[12] 4–6% of lung adenocarcinomas involve the fusion gene.[6]

EML4-ALK mutation rarely occurs in combination with K-RAS or EGFR mutations.

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gollark: Well, it beats osmarkslibc malloc.
gollark: > a functional (!) implementation of malloc/free using linked lists can easily be done in under 100 linesThat is one case where linked lists may make some sense. Otherwise, not really.
gollark: inefficiency/slowness at common operations and general badness for the majority of cases
gollark: linked lists bad.

References
  1. Soda M, Choi YL, Enomoto M, et al. (August 2007). "Identification of the transforming EML4-ALK fusion gene in non-small-cell lung cancer". Nature. 448 (7153): 561–6. Bibcode:2007Natur.448..561S. doi:10.1038/nature05945. PMID 17625570.
  2. Sasaki T, Rodig SJ, Chirieac LR, Jänne PA (July 2010). "The biology and treatment of EML4-ALK non-small cell lung cancer". Eur. J. Cancer. 46 (10): 1773–80. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2010.04.002. PMC 2888755. PMID 20418096.
  3. Koh Y, Kim DW, Kim TM, et al. (May 2011). "Clinicopathologic characteristics and outcomes of patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive advanced pulmonary adenocarcinoma: suggestion for an effective screening strategy for these tumors". J Thorac Oncol. 6 (5): 905–12. doi:10.1097/JTO.0b013e3182111461. PMID 21358343.
  4. Japan becomes first country to approve Roche’s alectinib for people with a specific form of advanced lung cancer
  5. New Oral Therapy To Treat ALK-Positive Lung Cancer. Dec 2015
  6. Bayliss, R; Choi, J (March 2016). "Molecular mechanisms that underpin EML4-ALK driven cancers and their response to targeted drugs". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 73 (6): 1209–1224. doi:10.1007/s00018-015-2117-6. PMC 4761370. PMID 26755435.
  7. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/202570s019lbl.pdf
  8. Solomon, Benjamin J.; Mok, Tony; Kim, Dong-Wan; Wu, Yi-Long; Nakagawa, Kazuhiko; Mekhail, Tarek; Felip, Enriqueta; Cappuzzo, Federico; Paolini, Jolanda; Usari, Tiziana; Iyer, Shrividya; Reisman, Arlene; Wilner, Keith D.; Tursi, Jennifer; Blackhall, Fiona; PROFILE 1014 Investigators (2014). "First-Line Crizotinib versus Chemotherapy in ALK-Positive Lung Cancer". New England Journal of Medicine. 371 (23): 2167–2177. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1408440. hdl:2434/426878. PMID 25470694.
  9. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf11/P110012B.pdf
  10. Shaw AT, Yeap BY, Mino-Kenudson M, et al. (September 2009). "Clinical Features and Outcome of Patients With Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Who Harbor EML4-ALK". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 27 (26): 4247–4253. doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.22.6993. PMC 2744268. PMID 19667264.
  11. Martelli MP, Sozzi G, Hernandez L, et al. (February 2009). "EML4-ALK rearrangement in non-small cell lung cancer and non-tumor lung tissues". Am. J. Pathol. 174 (2): 661–70. doi:10.2353/ajpath.2009.080755. PMC 2630573. PMID 19147828.
  12. Kumar, V; Abbas AK; Aster JC (2013). "Chapter 5". Robbins Basic Pathology (9th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. p. 212. ISBN 978-1-4377-1781-5.
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