E. Jerome McCarthy

Edmund Jerome McCarthy (February 20, 1928 – December 3, 2015) was an American marketing professor and author. He proposed the concept of the 4 Ps marketing mix in his 1960 book Basic Marketing: A Managerial Approach, which has been one of the top textbooks in university marketing courses since its publication.[1][2] According to the Oxford Dictionary of Marketing, McCarthy was a "pivotal figure in the development of marketing thinking".[3] He was also a founder, advisory board member, and consultant for Planned Innovation Institute, which was established to bolster Michigan industry. In 1987, McCarthy received the American Marketing Association's Trailblazer Award, and was voted one of the "top five" leaders in marketing thought by the field's educators.

For the South African footballer, see Jerome McCarthy.
Edmund Jerome McCarthy
Born(1928-02-20)February 20, 1928
DiedDecember 3, 2015(2015-12-03) (aged 87)
Michigan
NationalityAmerican
Other namesE. Jerome McCarthy, Jerry McCarthy
OccupationProfessor, author, consultant
Spouse(s)Joanne McCarthy
Academic background
Education
Alma materNorthwestern University, University of Minnesota
ThesisAn Analysis of the Use of Marketing Research in Product Development, 1958
Academic work
DisciplineMarketing
InstitutionsHarvard Business School, University of Notre Dame, Michigan State University, University of Oregon
Notable worksBasic Marketing: A Managerial Approach (1960)
Notable ideasThe 4 Ps

Education

McCarthy received his Bachelor of Science degree in 1950 from Northwestern University. He received his Master of Arts in 1954[4] and his PhD in 1958 from the University of Minnesota.[5] His doctoral dissertation was An Analysis of the Use of Marketing Research in Product Development.[6]

Career

Early career

He was a professor of the College of Commerce at the University of Notre Dame,[7][8] beginning in 1956, where he taught courses about how statistics and mathematics applied to business problems.[7]

In the spring of 1959, while a professor of the College of Commerce, he was informed that he received a one-year Ford Foundation Fellowship at Harvard Business School and Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[7] Beginning in September, he focused on mathematical applications for business, as part of the Foundation's program to "strengthen business education and research",[8] and specifically to work on mathematical models for marketing.

Development of the 4Ps
Main article: Marketing mix

At the time when McCarthy began his teaching career, the so-called functional school of thought dominated the discipline. The functional school was primarily concerned with asking questions about what are the functions of marketing, what activities does marketing perform, what is the role of marketing within organisations? Much of the theorising within the functional school focussed on the value adding services performed by intermediaries.[9][10] As the marketing discipline matured, scholars increasingly searched for a more managerial approach that focussed on solving the problems and challenges faced by marketing managers.[11][12] Throughout the 1950s, a number of different approaches to managerial marketing emerged. However, some theorists clung to the functional approach, to the extent that both the functional approach and the managerial approach co-existed for a decade or so.[13]

The demise of the functional approach has largely been attributed to McCarthy's contribution. According to Hunt and Goolsby, "The publication of McCarthy's Basic Marketing (1960) is widely cited as the 'beginning of the end' for the functional approach." The 1960s represent a transitional period wherein books adopting the managerial approach existed side by side with those using the more traditional functional approach.[14]

McCarthy defined the 4Ps conceptual framework for marketing decision-making, which used product, price, place (or distribution), and promotion in the marketing mix.

In 1960, McCarthy was the first to propose a marketing mix concept that resonated with both practitioners and academics.[15] In his textbook Basic Marketing: A Managerial Approach (1960), McCarthy defined the 4Ps conceptual framework for marketing decision-making, which used product, price, place (or distribution), and promotion in the marketing mix.[11][12] McCarthy organized his text along managerial lines using the four Ps framework. The book's emphasis was on the problems facing the marketing manager, rather than looking at the characteristics of marketing systems and their functions. In addition to chapters devoted to the 4 Ps, the book also included chapters on consumer behaviour, marketing research and market segmentation to round out the tools available to marketers for use in problem-solving.

The managerial approach views marketing as a management science.[16] It uses problem-solving to "develop an optimum offering of products, prices, promotion, and place (distribution)," according to the Handbook of Marketing.[17] A key feature of the managerial approach is that it began to move away from its economics foundations and instead introduced ideas from the new and emerging fields of sociology and psychology, which offered useful insights for explaining aspects of consumer behaviour such as the influence of culture and social class.[18] It also placed an overt reliance on the quantitative sciences as means of knowing." [19]

Prior to the publication of McCarthy's text, the concept of a marketing mix was being debated, however, there was little consensus among marketers about what elements should comprise the marketing mix.[20][21] They relied on checklists or lengthy classifications of factors that needed to be considered to understand consumer responses.[22] Neil H. Borden of the Harvard Business School developed a complicated model in the late 1940s, based upon at least twelve different factors.[11] In contrast, McCarthy's concept was a simplifed, memorable set of factors for managerial planning and decision-making.[15][23]

McCarthy's marketing mix is based upon four controllable variables that a company manages in its effort to satisfy the corporation's objectives as well as the needs and wants of a target market.[11] Once there is understanding of the target market's interests, marketers develop tactics, using the 4Ps, to encourage buyers to purchase product. The successful use of the model is predicated upon the degree to which the target market's needs and wants have been understood, and the extent to when the marketers developed the tactics accordingly.[11]

McCarthy's 4Ps concept is particularly suited to most consumer products. The model needs modifications for high-end consumer products, in which case relationship management is a factor. Services have some unique marketing issues to be factored into decision-making. Tactics for marketing industrial products should consider elements of long-term contractual agreements.[2] Regardless of the modifications needed in some cases, the 4Ps remain a generally accepted marketing practice to influence buyers and its concepts still are espoused in contemporary textbooks.[1][2] Further, the 4Ps marketing mix that McCarthy popularized[24] has become a foundational and widely adopted marketing framework into the 21st century.[15][lower-alpha 1] This is partly due to the simplicity of the model, which makes it adaptable for changes in the marketing area, such as internet commerce. Rather than creating a new model, G. Dominic expressed that McCarthy's 4 Ps could be used with some "extension and adjustment" to develop tactics for the current, ever-changing marketing arena like internet commerce.[15]

Basic Marketing: A Managerial Approach is one of the world's most popular marketing textbooks. It has been updated by McCarthy and coauthor William D. Perrault more than a dozen times.[11] The textbook's 19th edition was published in 2013.[27]

Educator and author

McCarthy had the Ford Foundation Fellowship in 1963 and 1964, when he investigated the role of marketing in global economic development.[6] After Notre Dame, McCarthy moved to Michigan.[28] He was on the faculty in the Department of Marketing and Supply Chain Management at Michigan State University (MSU).[29] In 2013, he was Professor Emeritus there.[30] During his career, McCarthy also held a position at the University of Oregon.[6]

As an educator, he interested students in marketing and effective marketing strategy planning. He also developed teaching materials for other marketing professors, including "developing and improving marketing texts to reflect the most current thinking in the field".[31]

He has published books[32] and articles in the areas of general marketing, social issues in marketing, and data processing.[31]

Planned Innovation Institute

McCarthy played a pivotal role in the Planned Innovation Institute as founder, Advisory Board member, and consulting educator.[33] Planned Innovation Institute was founded to identify causes and create solutions to address "major causes of new product failure in Michigan industry." It modeled its program's concepts after the University of Michigan Institute of Science and Technology research program.[34]

McCarthy, with Frank R. Bacon, Jr., used the concepts from his Basic Marketing textbook to develop the institute's Product-Market Analysis component that first focused on new product innovation and then business retention strategies.[34] He traveled to India, South Africa, Latin America, and within the United States for its market-oriented planning and management educational programs. His clients included Dow Chemical Company, Rockwell International, Steelcase, Bemis Manufacturing Company, Grupo Industrial Alfa, Coredemex, Lear Siegler, the Sarns division of 3M, and United Nations businessmen in Costa Rica.[33]

Membership and awards

McCarthy was a member of the American Marketing Association and the Economics Society.[7] In 1987, he received the American Marketing Association's Trailblazer Award. He was also named one of the "top five" leaders in marketing thought by marketing educators.[6]

Personal life

McCarthy and his wife, Joanne, had eight children. He died December 3, 2015.[5]

The McCarthys established the Joanne N. and E. Jerome McCarthy Endowment for Arts Education,[5] which has supported the Wharton Center for Performing Arts on the Michigan State University campus.[35]

gollark: Not a computer.
gollark: Computers are fast, except that one.
gollark: It is also more secure.
gollark: Or something.
gollark: Use prepared statements.

See also

Notes
  1. In 1972, Donald C. Marschner, then of the University of New Hampshire, wrote that McCarthy's book "still remains the standard against which all other introductory text-books should be judged."[25] John A. Quelch and Katherine E. Jocz wrote in their "Milestones in Marketing" (2008) article, "Now, the marketing-mix concept is nearly always used in conjunction with the famous 'four Ps' categories... originated by E. Jerome McCarthy.[1] They noted four years later that this book is one of the most widely adopted introductory texts in the history of marketing.[26]

References
  1. John A. Quelch; Katherine E. Jocz (Winter 2008). "Milestones in Marketing" (PDF). Business History Review. The President and Fellows of Harvard College. 82: 827–838. doi:10.1017/S0007680500063236.
  2. Pundrik Mishra (December 1, 2009). Sales Management: Keys to Effective Sales. Global India Publications. pp. 34–35. ISBN 978-93-80228-45-7.
  3. "Edmund Jerome McCarthy". Oxford Reference, Oxford University Press. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
  4. "List of Graduates (with previous qualifications)", Press Releases: June–September, 1954, University of Minnesota, June 12, 1954, University of Minnesota Press Release, June – September, 1954. From the publicity director: Listed here you will find the names of persons who previously received degrees from your school who were awarded advanced degrees at commencement exercises at the University of Minnesota June 12, 1954. The degree indicated in parentheses is that received from your school with the date it was given. The degree typed out is the new degree from the University of Minnesota... Edmund Jerome McCarthy (B,S, '50) master of arts.
  5. "Jerry McCarthy [Obituary]". Lansing State Journal. December 27, 2015.
  6. "Author's biographical notes". Basic Marketing: A Global Managerial Approach (11 ed.). Canadian: Irwin. 2005. p. v.
  7. James B. Murphy, Public Information Director (March 17, 1959), University of Notre Dame, Department of Public Information (press releases) (PDF), University of Notre Dame, p. 2
  8. "News Briefs" (PDF). the Scholastic. Notre Dame University. 100 (18): 29. March 29, 1959. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
  9. O'Malley, L. and Lichrou, M., "Marketing Theory," in Baker, M.J. and Hart, S., The Marketing Book, 7th ed., Routledge, Oxon, UK, 2016, pp 37-52
  10. Weitz, Barton A; Wensley, Robin (October 16, 2002). Handbook of Marketing. SAGE. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-85702-530-2.
  11. Everyday Finance: Economics, Personal Money Management, and Entrepreneurship. Overview: Marketing Mix: Product, Price, Place, Promotion. January 1, 2008. Archived from the original on August 28, 2017.
  12. E. Constantinides (2006). "The Marketing Mix Revisited: Towards the 21st Century Marketing" (PDF). Journal of Marketing Management. 22: 407–438. doi:10.1362/026725706776861190.
  13. Sheth, J. N. and Gardner, D.M., Marketing Theory: Evolution and Evaluation, New York, Wiley, 1988
  14. Hunt, Shelby D. and Goolsby, Jerry, "The Rise and Fall of the Functional Approach to Marketing: A Paradigm Displacement Perspective," in Historical Perspectives in Marketing: Essays in Honour of Stanley Hollander, Terence Nevett and Ronald Fullerton (eds), Lexington, MA, Lexington Books, pp 35-37, sdh.ba.ttu.edu/Rise%20and%20Fall%20(88).pdf
  15. G. Dominic (2009). "From Marketing Mix to E-Marketing Mix: A Literature Review" (PDF). International Journal of Business and Management. 9 (4): 17–24.
  16. Laurent, Gilles; Lilien, Gary L.; Pras, Bernard (December 6, 2012). Research Traditions in Marketing. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 386. ISBN 978-94-011-1402-8.
  17. Weitz, Barton A; Wensley, Robin (October 16, 2002). Handbook of Marketing. SAGE. pp. 19, 69. ISBN 978-0-85702-530-2.
  18. Brian Jones, D.G. and Shaw, E.H, "The History of Marketing Thought," in Handbook of Marketing, Weitz, R. and Wensley, R. (eds), London, UK, 2003, p. 60
  19. Wilkie, W.L. and Moore, E.S., "Macromarketing as a Pillar of Marketing Thought," Journal of Macromarketing, Vol. 26 No. 2, December 2006, p. 225
  20. N.H. Borden (1964). "The Concept of the Marketing Mix". Journal of Advertising Research: 2–7.
  21. N.H. Borden (2001), "The Concept of the Marketing Mix", in M.J. Baker (ed.), Marketing: Critical Perspectives on Business and Management, 5, Routledge, pp. 3–4, Borden credits his colleague, James Culliton, with the concept of marketers as 'mixers of ingredients' but suggests that he, Borden contributed to the process of popularising the concept
  22. W. Waterschoo; C. van den Bulte (1992). "The 4P Classification of the Marketing Mix Revisited". Journal of Marketing. 56 (4): 83–93. JSTOR 1251988.
  23. W.A. Cohen (2014), The Practical Drucker: Applying the Wisdom of the World's Greatest Management Thinker, American Management Association, p. 139
  24. Michael R. Czinkota; Ilkka A. Ronkainen (June 25, 2013). International Marketing. Cengage Learning. p. 24. ISBN 1-133-62751-X.
  25. D.C. Marschner (January 1972). "Basic Marketing; A Managerial Approach: Book Review". Journal of Marketing. 36 (1): 106. doi:10.1177/002224297203600118. JSTOR 1250877.
  26. John A. Quelch; Katherine E. Jocz (2012). All Business is Local: Why Place Matters More than Ever in a Global, Virtual World. Penguin. p. 4.
  27. William Perreault, Jr.; Joseph Cannon; E. Jerome McCarthy (January 17, 2013). Basic Marketing: 19th Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. ISBN 978-0-07-751253-8.
  28. Patrick E. Murphy; John F. Sherry Jr. (July 24, 2013). Marketing and the Common Good: Essays from Notre Dame on Societal Impact. Routledge. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-134-09107-2. Short bio, Professor Emeritus, research interests - timeless quality of 4Ps, due to ongoing issues
  29. "Stanley C. and Selma D. Hollander Faculty Book Collection, MSU Faculty Publications" (PDF). Michigan State University Libraries. 2014. p. 11. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
  30. Patrick E. Murphy; John F. Sherry Jr. (July 24, 2013). Marketing and the Common Good: Essays from Notre Dame on Societal Impact. Routledge. pp. xx. ISBN 978-1-134-09107-2.
  31. "Essentials of Marketing Information Center: About the Authors" (14th ed.). McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. The website is for information about Essentials of Marketing: A Marketing Strategy Planning Approach (14th edition) by William D. Perreault, Jr., Joseph P. Cannon; and E. Jerome McCarthy. The book's copyright year is 2015.
  32. "Search: E. Jerome McCarthy (returned 48 books)". Library of Congress Online Catalog. Retrieved November 6, 2016.
  33. "Dr. E. Jerome McCarthy". Planned Innovation Institute. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
  34. "History". Planned Innovation Institute. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
  35. "Endowments". Wharton Center for Performing Arts, Michigan State University. Lansing. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
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