Dui (vessel)

A dui is a type of Chinese ritual bronze vessel used in the late Zhou dynasty and the Warring States period of ancient China. It was a food container used as a ritual vessel. Most Dui consist of two bowls supported on three legs.

Dui
Chinese敦
Bronze dui vessel with inlaid geometric cloud pattern, Hubei Provincial Museum.

Form

The 'Dui' is typically spherical in shape, possessing a half-domed bowl on bottom with a similarly shaped container fitting on top. Shapes vary from circular, ovular, or subcircular. Types from the late Eastern Zhou appear more spheroidal; containers become more ovular during the Spring and Autumn period; and transitioning from the late Spring and Autumn to the Warring States period, vessel types appear less round in shape, possessing a flattened lid paired with a rounded bowl.[1] The vessel stands on either a single pedestal or is supported by three legs (similarly to the ding). The three legs would permit heating of the food within. Each vessel sports two handles; either set or unfixed rings adorn the bottom portion of the vessel, allowing for easy transport.[2]

Decor

The containers themselves possess highly intricate detailing, varying in geometric and curvilinear designs distributed in symmetrical registers. Many of these carvings assume biomorphic forms, depicting typical animal imagery found throughout ancient China such as cats, snakes, dragons or birds. Much of the designs are in-laid with metal, though few complete renditions still exist.[3]

Examples

From the specimen found from the Warring States period, proof of copper in-lay can be found in swirling spherical patterns that accentuate the shape of the "Dui". Incised geometric patterning along with cat-like outlines emanate from the container.[4]

Types coming out of the Late Eastern Zhou are spherical in form and possess three animal masks in relief; the heads are situated symmetrically around the lid, mirroring the three Ding-like feet supporting the base. Simple linear patterning covers the vessel in clearly defined registers, while high-relief rope bands separate the basin from the lid.[5]

From the Warring States period, ovular forms become subcircular shapes. Four fantastical creatures adorn the lid of this period's example, forming upright rings. Animal pendant masks hold moveable rings in their mouths, allowing for easy transport. In-lay patterning surfaces in this example too, with turquoise and silver in typical registers. Curvilinear patterns accentuate the shape; the more prominent bands of decoration portray symmetrical bird figures with intertwining bodies encircling the vessel. Border designs consist of S-shaped bands around the foot, lid, and body.[6]

Function and Usage

In some examples the two symmetric hemispheres could be used individually or as a bowl with lid when facilitating the ritual process. Lidded varieties are evidenced by the lack of supporting structure on each bowl.[7] The vessel might be displayed prominently within a temple or hall but also found use during feasts commemorating ancestors. At times, the vessel was produced solely for burial. In later periods the vessel became a symbol of societal prominence and the religious aspect receded.[8]

Historical Development

The dui functioned and was created in the Late Zhou dynasties and Warring States period in early China. The dui is one of the earliest types of near-spherical shape of vessel.[9] In the middle of the Spring and Autumn period, people gradually began to use the dui as a warming and serving food vessel.[1] According to scholar K.C. Chang, the term "dui" was said to have been written in the catalogue incorrectly by cataloguers from the Song dynasty. First seen in Eastern Zhou, "dui" means "gobular vessel," but in Shang and Western Zhou, this particular vessel was called "gui." Dui was transcribed into the modern equivalent of gui.[10]

Some dui vessels were inspired by nomadic Steppe art with sophisticated designs and colorful exteriors. After the Eastern Zhou dynasty, the dui might have been seen as a status symbol or used in various rituals. It was most popular during the Late Zhou Dynasty, but later it was replaced by another food container named "Sheng" that was used during the Qin and Han dynasties.[8] In the Warring States Period, the form was changed to an oval and the lid was transformed to reflect the body in a mirror image. They are sometimes marked as "watermelon ding" which were dated back to the early Warring States Period.[1]

Important Examples

In 2004, there was a dui vessel discovered in tomb M6 in Zhenghan Road, Zinzheng City by the Zingheng Work Station of the Henan Provincial Cultural Relics and Archaeology Institute.[11] There was also a dui that belonged in the tomb of Marquis of Qi, found in Yixian County, Hebei Province.

Notes
  1. Li Xueqin (1980). The Wonder of Chinese Bronzes. Beijing. pp. 12–13.
  2. Loehr, Max. Ritual Vessels of Bronze Age China. [New York]: Asia Society; Distributed by New York Graphic Society Greenwich, Conn., 1968. p. 152-153.
  3. Loehr, Max. Ritual Vessels of Bronze Age China. [New York]: Asia Society; Distributed by New York Graphic Society [Greenwich, Conn., 1968. p. 150-151.
  4. Lefebvre, D'Argencé René Yvon. Bronze Vessels of Ancient China in the Avery Brundage Collection. San Francisco: Museum, 1977. p. 122-23.
  5. Loehr, Max. Ritual Vessels of Bronze Age China. [New York]: Asia Society; Distributed by New York Graphic Society [Greenwich, Conn., 1968. p. 150-153.
  6. Lawton, Thomas. Chinese Art of the Warring States Period: Change and Continuity, 480-222 B.C. Washington, D.C.: Published for the Freer Gallery of Art by the Smithsonian Institution, 1983. p. 32, 42.
  7. Lefebvre d'Argence, Rene Yvon (1977). Bronze Vessels of Ancient China. Asian Art Museum of San Francisco: The Avery Brundage Collection.
  8. "Ritual Food Container (Dui)". Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  9. Lefebvre d'Argence, Rene-Yvon (1977). "Bronze Vessels of Ancient China". The Avery Brundage Collection. Asian Art Museum of San Francisco.
  10. Chang, K.C. (October 1981). "Archaeology and Chinese Historiography". World Archaeology. 13 (2): 156–169. doi:10.1080/00438243.1981.9979823.
  11. "Heritage and Archaeological Project in China". The Australian National University.
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References
  • Chang, K.C. (October 1981). "Archaeology and Chinese Historiography". World Archaeology. 13 (2): 156–169. doi:10.1080/00438243.1981.9979823.
  • "Heritage and Archaeological Project in China". The Australian National University. Retrieved September 2005. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  • Lawton, Thomas (1983). Chinese Art of the Warring States Period: Change and Continuity. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 32–42.
  • Lefebvre d'Argence, Rene-Yvon (1977). The Avery Brundage Collection. San Francisco, CA: Asian Art Museum.
  • Loehr, Max (1968). Ritual Vessels of Bronze Age China. Harvard University: The Asia Society, Inc. p. 152.
  • "Ritual Food Container (dui)". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved October 2006. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  • "dui." Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. 06 Feb. 2012.
  • Bronze Dui, website of Colby College.
  • "Ritual food container (dui) (China) (2006.117a,b)". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. (October 2006)
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