Lobelia

Lobelia (/loʊˈbiːliə, lə-/[4][5][6]) is a genus of flowering plants comprising 415 species,[7] with a subcosmopolitan distribution primarily in tropical to warm temperate regions of the world, a few species extending into cooler temperate regions.[8] They are known generally as lobelias.[9]

Lobelia boninensis
For other uses, see Lobelia (disambiguation).

Lobelia
Lobelia erinus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Campanulaceae
Subfamily: Lobelioideae
Genus: Lobelia
L.[1]
Type species
Lobelia cardinalis
Synonyms[3]
  • Mecoschistum Dulac
  • Rapuntium Mill.
  • Dortmanna Hill
  • Cardinalis Fabr.
  • Laurentia Michx. ex Adans.
  • Chamula Noronha
  • Pratia Gaudich.
  • Holostigma G.Don
  • Tupa G.Don
  • Enchysia C.Presl
  • Hypsela C.Presl
  • Trimeris C.Presl
  • Tylomium C.Presl
  • Rhynchopetalum Fresen.
  • Isolobus A.DC.
  • Piddingtonia A.DC.
  • Holostigmateia Rchb.
  • Colensoa Hook.f.
  • Speirema Hook.f. & Thomson
  • Euhaynaldia Borbás
  • Dortmannia Kuntze
  • Galeatella (E.Wimm.) O.Deg. & I.Deg. in O.Degener
  • Neowimmeria O.Deg. & I.Deg
  • Calcaratolobelia Wilbur

Description

The genus Lobelia comprises a substantial number of large and small annual, perennial and shrubby species, hardy and tender, from a variety of habitats, in a range of colours. Many species appear totally dissimilar from each other. However, all have simple, alternate leaves and two-lipped tubular flowers, each with five lobes. The upper two lobes may be erect while the lower three lobes may be fanned out. Flowering is often abundant and the flower colour intense, hence their popularity as ornamental garden subjects.[10]

Taxonomy

The genus is named after the Flemish botanist Matthias de Lobel (1538–1616).[11] Some botanists place the genus and its relatives in the separate family Lobeliaceae, others as a subfamily Lobelioideae within the Campanulaceae. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group did not make a firm decision on this, listing the genus under both families.

Lobelia is probably the base form from which many other lobelioid genera are derived; it is therefore highly paraphyletic and not a good genus in a cladistic sense. For example, the Hawaiian species (see Hawaiian lobelioids), currently classified in several genera, originated from a single introduction to a now-submerged Hawaiian Island 15 million years ago, probably from an Asian Lobelia in Lobelia subg. Tupa.[12]

A New Zealand study concluded that local species of Hypsela, Isotoma and Pratia should be treated as Lobelia.[13]

Ecology

Lobelia species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Setaceous Hebrew Character.

Cultivation and uses

Several species are cultivated as ornamental plants in gardens. These include Lobelia cardinalis syn. Lobelia fulgens (cardinal flower or Indian pink), Lobelia siphilitica (blue lobelia), and Lobelia erinus, which is used for edging and window boxes.[10]

Hybrids

Numerous hybrids have been produced, notably Lobelia × speciosa, a hybrid derived from L. fulgens, L. cardinalis & L. siphilitica. The term "fan hybrids" is also used.[14] This plant is borderline hardy and requires fertile, moist soil. It is suitable for summer bedding schemes or growing in containers. The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:[15]

  • L. × speciosa 'Fan Orchidrosa'[16]
  • L. × speciosa 'Fan Scharlach'[17]
  • L. × speciosa 'Fan Tiefrot'[18]
  • L. × speciosa 'Fan Zinnoberrosa'[19]
  • L. × speciosa 'Kompliment Scharlach'[20]
  • L. × speciosa 'Pink Elephant'[21]

Traditional medicine

The species used most commonly in modern herbalism is Lobelia inflata (Indian tobacco).[22] Use of lobelia for cardiovascular diseases may cause adverse effects.[23]

Lobelia has been used as "asthmador" in Appalachian traditional medicine.[24] Two species, L. siphilitica and L. cardinalis, were once considered a cure for syphilis.[25] Herbalist Samuel Thomson popularized medicinal use of lobelia in the United States in the early 19th century.[22]

Adverse effects

Many members of the genus are considered poisonous, with some containing the toxic principle lobeline.[26] Because of lobeline's similarity to nicotine, the internal use of lobelia may be dangerous to susceptible populations, including children, pregnant women,[27] and individuals with cardiac disease. Excessive use will cause nausea and vomiting.[28] It is not recommended for use by pregnant women and is best administered by a practitioner qualified in its use. It also has a chemical known as lobellicyonycin, which may cause dizziness.

Chemical constituents
Lobelane[29]
Isolobelanine

Extracts of Lobelia inflata contain lobeline[30] and those from Lobelia chinensis contain apigenin, lobeline, lobelanine, isolobelanine, lobelanidine, quercetin, coumarins, glucosides and other flavonoids.[31]

Diversity
Lobelia sessilifolia

Species include:[32][33]

Erect Lobelia plant
Giant lobelias (Lobelia deckenii), Mount Kenya

Mexican spurred lobelias

About eleven species native to Mexico and Central America have spurs on the flowers. These spurred lobelias appear to form a monophyletic group. Most have been classified in the genera Heterotoma (or sometimes Calcaratolobelia). However, since their closest relatives such as Lobelia anatina are in Lobelia, Koopman and Ayers classify them in Lobelia.[37]

Partial list:

  • Lobelia aurita (Heterotoma aurita). One of the most common understory plants in the Sierra de la Laguna pine-oak forests.[38]
  • Lobelia calcarata (Heterotoma lobelioides[39] or Lobelia lobelioides[37])
  • Lobelia cordifolia (Heterotoma cordifolia)[35]
  • Lobelia flexuosa (Heterotoma flexuosa)[35]
  • Lobelia mcvaughii[35]
  • Lobelia volcanica (Heterotoma tenella)[35]

Formerly placed here
  • Apteria aphylla (Nutt.) Barnhart ex Small (as L. aphylla Nutt.)
  • Centropogon cornutus (L.) Druce (as L. cornuta L. or L. surinamensis L.)
  • Cyanea angustifolia (Cham.) Hillebr. (as L. angustifolia Cham.)
  • Cyanea calycina (Cham.) Lammers (as L. calycina Cham.)
  • Cyanea crispa (Gaudich.) Lammers et al. (as L. crispa (Gaudich.) Endl.)
  • Cyanea pinnatifida (Cham.) E. Wimm. (as L. pinnatifida Cham.)
  • Cyanea superba (Cham.) A.Gray (as L. superba Cham.)
  • Hippobroma longiflora (L.) G.Don (as L. longiflora L.)
  • Mazus pumilus (Burm.f.) Steenis (as L. pumila Burm.f.)
  • Pratia angulata (G.Forst.) Hook.f. (as L. angulata G.Forst.)
  • Pratia concolor (R.Br.) Druce (as L. concolor R.Br.)
  • Pratia montana (Reinw. ex Blume) Hassk. (as L. montana Reinw. ex Blume)
  • Pratia nummularia (Lam.) A.Braun & Asch. (as L. begoniifolia Wall.)[32]
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gollark: I think it can do USB boot too now.
gollark: Well, it boots off an EEPROM now, which loads a micro-SD card.

References
  1. "Genus: Lobelia L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 1999-01-27. Archived from the original on 2010-05-29. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
  2. lectotype designated by Hitchcock & Green, Nomenclature, Proposals by British Botanists 184 (1929)
  3. Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  4. "Lobelia". Oxford Dictionaries UK Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
  5. "Lobelia". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
  6. Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  7. Lammers, Thomas (2011). "Revision of the Infrageneric Classification of Lobelia L. (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae)". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 98: 37–62. doi:10.3417/2007150.
  8. Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
  9. Lobelia. USDA PLANTS.
  10. RHS A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
  11. Johnson, A.T.; Smith, H.A. & Stockdale, A.P. (2019), Plant Names Simplified : Their Pronunciation Derivation & Meaning, Sheffield, Yorkshire: 5M Publishing, ISBN 9781910455067, p. 89
  12. Craig C. Buss; Thomas G. Lammers; Robert R. Wise; Craig C. Buss; Thomas G. Lammers; Robert R. Wise (2001). "Seed Coat Morphology and Its Systematic Implications in Cyanea and Other Genera of Lobelioideae (Campanulaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 88 (7): 1301–1308. doi:10.2307/3558341. JSTOR 3558341. PMID 11454630.
  13. Knox, E. B.; Heenan, P. B.; Muasya, A. M.; Murray, B. G. (2008). "Phylogenetic position and relationships of Lobelia glaberrima (Lobeliaceae), a new alpine species from southern South Island (New Zealand)". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 46 (1): 77–85. doi:10.1080/00288250809509755.
  14. Paghat's Garden: "Fan Burgundy" Cardinal Flower
  15. "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 56. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  16. "RHS Plant Selector - Lobelia x speciosa 'Fan Orchidrosa'". Retrieved 22 May 2013.
  17. "RHS Plant Selector - Lobelia x speciosa 'Fan Scharlach'". Retrieved 22 May 2013.
  18. "RHS Plant Selector - Lobelia x speciosa 'Fan Tiefrot'". Retrieved 22 May 2013.
  19. "RHS Plant Selector - Lobelia x speciosa 'Fan Zinnoberrosa'". Retrieved 22 May 2013.
  20. "RHS Plant Selector - Lobelia x speciosa 'Kompliment Scharlach'". Retrieved 22 May 2013.
  21. "RHS Plant Selector - Lobelia x speciosa 'Pink Elephant'". Retrieved 22 May 2013.
  22. "Lobelia". EBSCO Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Review Board. January 2006. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
  23. Cohen, P. A.; Ernst, E (2010). "Safety of herbal supplements: A guide for cardiologists". Cardiovascular Therapeutics. 28 (4): 246–53. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00193.x. PMID 20633025.
  24. AJ Giannini, AE Slaby, MC Giannini. Handbook of Overdose and Detoxification Emergencies. New Hyde Park, NY Medical Examination Publishing,1982. Pp.53-56. ISBN 0-87488-182-X
  25. Guédon, Marie-Françoise (2000). Sacred Smudging in North America. Walkabout Press.
  26. Bergner P. (1998). "Lobelia toxicity: A literature review". Medical Herbalism. 10 (1–2): 15–34.
  27. Lobelia, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
  28. Lobelia, drugs.com
  29. Horton, D. B.; Siripurapu, K. B.; Zheng, G; Crooks, P. A.; Dwoskin, L. P. (2011). "Novel N-1,2-dihydroxypropyl analogs of lobelane inhibit vesicular monoamine transporter-2 function and methamphetamine-evoked dopamine release". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 339 (1): 286–97. doi:10.1124/jpet.111.184770. PMC 3186287. PMID 21778282.
  30. Ma Y, Wink M (Sep 2008). "Lobeline, a piperidine alkaloid from Lobelia can reverse P-gp dependent multidrug resistance in tumor cells". Phytomedicine. 15 (9): 754–8. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2007.11.028. PMID 18222670.
  31. Yang, S; Shen, T; Zhao, L; Li, C; Zhang, Y; Lou, H; Ren, D (2014). "Chemical constituents of Lobelia chinensis". Fitoterapia. 93: 168–74. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2014.01.007. PMID 24444893.
  32. "GRIN Species Records of Lobelia". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 1999-01-27. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
  33. "Lobelia". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  34. "Lobelia arnhemiaca E.Wimm.: FloraBase: Flora of Western Australia".
  35. World Checklist
  36. "Lobelia perpusilla | New Zealand Plant Conservation Network". www.nzpcn.org.nz. Retrieved 2017-11-02.
  37. Koopman, M. M.; Ayers, T. J. (2005). "Nectar spur evolution in the Mexican lobelias (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae)". American Journal of Botany. 92 (3): 558–62. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.3.558. PMID 21652434.
  38. Díaz, Sara C.; Touchan, Ramzi; Swetnam, Thomas W. (2001). "A tree-ring reconstruction of past precipitation for Baja California Sur, Mexico". International Journal of Climatology. 21 (8): 1007–1019. Bibcode:2001IJCli..21.1007D. doi:10.1002/joc.664.
  39. ipni.org

Bibliography
  • Everitt, J.H.; Lonard, R.L.; Little, C.R. (2007). Weeds in South Texas and Northern Mexico. Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press. ISBN 978-0-89672-614-7.
  • Thomson, Samuel (1884) [1822]. "Life and Medical Discoveries of Samuel Thomson". Bulletin of the Lloyd Library of Botany, Pharmacy and Materia Medica. III (11).
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