Dirac equation in the algebra of physical space

The Dirac equation, as the relativistic equation that describes spin 1/2 particles in quantum mechanics, can be written in terms of the Algebra of physical space (APS), which is a case of a Clifford algebra or geometric algebra that is based on the use of paravectors.

The Dirac equation in APS, including the electromagnetic interaction, reads

Another form of the Dirac equation in terms of the Space time algebra was given earlier by David Hestenes.

In general, the Dirac equation in the formalism of geometric algebra has the advantage of providing a direct geometric interpretation.

Relation with the standard form

The spinor can be written in a null basis as

such that the representation of the spinor in terms of the Pauli matrices is

The standard form of the Dirac equation can be recovered by decomposing the spinor in its right and left-handed spinor components, which are extracted with the help of the projector

such that

with the following matrix representation

The Dirac equation can be also written as

Without electromagnetic interaction, the following equation is obtained from the two equivalent forms of the Dirac equation

so that

or in matrix representation

where the second column of the right and left spinors can be dropped by defining the single column chiral spinors as

The standard relativistic covariant form of the Dirac equation in the Weyl representation can be easily identified such that

Given two spinors and in APS and their respective spinors in the standard form as and , one can verify the following identity

,

such that

Electromagnetic gauge

The Dirac equation is invariant under a global right rotation applied on the spinor of the type

so that the kinetic term of the Dirac equation transforms as

where we identify the following rotation

The mass term transforms as

so that we can verify the invariance of the form of the Dirac equation. A more demanding requirement is that the Dirac equation should be invariant under a local gauge transformation of the type

In this case, the kinetic term transforms as

,

so that the left side of the Dirac equation transforms covariantly as

where we identify the need to perform an electromagnetic gauge transformation. The mass term transforms as in the case with global rotation, so, the form of the Dirac equation remains invariant.

Current

The current is defined as

which satisfies the continuity equation

Second order Dirac equation

An application of the Dirac equation on itself leads to the second order Dirac equation

Free particle solutions

Positive energy solutions

A solution for the free particle with momentum and positive energy is

This solution is unimodular

and the current resembles the classical proper velocity

Negative energy solutions

A solution for the free particle with negative energy and momentum is

This solution is anti-unimodular

and the current resembles the classical proper velocity

but with a remarkable feature: "the time runs backwards"

Dirac Lagrangian

The Dirac Lagrangian is

See also

References

Textbooks

  • Baylis, William (2002). Electrodynamics: A Modern Geometric Approach (2nd ed.). Birkhäuser. ISBN 0-8176-4025-8
  • W. E. Baylis, editor, Clifford (Geometric) Algebra with Applications to Physics, Mathematics, and Engineering, Birkhäuser, Boston 1996. ISBN 0-8176-3868-7

Articles

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