Desert varnish

Desert varnish or rock varnish is an orange-yellow to black coating found on exposed rock surfaces in arid environments. Desert varnish is approximately one micrometer thick and exhibits nanometer-scale layering.[1] Rock rust and desert patina are other terms which are also used for the condition, but less often.

Desert varnish on gibber, Central Australia

Formation

Desert varnish forms only on physically stable rock surfaces that are no longer subject to frequent precipitation, fracturing or wind abrasion. The varnish is primarily composed of particles of clay along with iron and manganese oxides.[2] There is also a host of trace elements and almost always some organic matter. The color of the varnish varies from shades of brown to black.[3]

It has been suggested that desert varnish should be investigated as a potential candidate for a "shadow biosphere".[4][5] However, a 2008 microscopy study posited that desert varnish has already been reproduced with chemistry not involving life in the lab, and that the main component is actually silica and not clay as previously thought. The study notes that desert varnish is an excellent fossilizer for microbes and indicator of water. Desert varnish appears to have been observed by rovers on Mars, and if examined may contain fossilized life from Mars's wet period. [6]

Composition
Desert varnish on Bishop Tuff.

Originally scientists thought that the varnish was made from substances drawn out of the rocks it coats.[7] Microscopic and microchemical observations, however, show that a major part of varnish is clay, which could only arrive by wind.[8] Clay, then, acts as a substrate to catch additional substances that chemically react together when the rock reaches high temperatures in the desert sun. Wetting by dew is also important in the process.[3]

An important characteristic of black desert varnish is that it has an unusually high concentration of manganese. Manganese is relatively rare in the Earth's crust, making up only 0.12% of its weight. In black desert varnish, however, manganese is 50 to 60 times more abundant. One proposal[9] for a mechanism of desert varnish formation is that it is caused by manganese-oxidizing microbes (mixotrophs) which are common in environments poor in organic nutrients. A micro-environment pH above 7.5 is inhospitable for manganese-concentrating microbes. In such conditions, orange varnishes develop, poor in manganese (Mn) but rich in iron (Fe).[10] An alternative hypothesis for Mn/Fe fluctuation has been proposed that considers Mn-rich and Fe-rich varnishes to be related to humid and arid climates, respectively [11]

Petroglyphs carved in desert varnish at the Valley of Fire near Las Vegas, Nevada. Area shown is about one metre across.

Even though it contains high concentrations of iron and manganese, there are no significant modern uses of desert varnish. However, some Native American peoples created petroglyphs by scraping or chipping away the dark varnish to expose the lighter rock beneath.

Desert varnish often obscures the identity of the underlying rock, and different rocks have varying abilities to accept and retain varnish. Limestones, for example, typically do not have varnish because they are too water-soluble and therefore do not provide a stable surface for varnish to form. Shiny, dense and black varnishes form on basalt, fine quartzites and metamorphosed shales due to these rocks' relatively high resistance to weathering.

gollark: Wrong.
gollark: It's probably fine. I'll make Macron use it.
gollark: Is that such a bad thing?
gollark: Haskell is lazy. You can.
gollark: I like the "the structure is literally impossible to implement as an ADT" bit.

See also
  • Aeolian processes – Processes due to wind activity
  • Desert pavement – A desert surface covered with closely packed, interlocking angular or rounded rock fragments of pebble and cobble size.
  • Manganite
  • Shadow biosphere – A hypothetical microbial biosphere of Earth that would use radically different biochemical and molecular processes from that of currently known life

References
  1. David Krinsley, Ronald Dorn, N. K. Tovey 1995. Nanometer-Scale Layering in Rock Varnish: Implications for Genesis and Paleoenvironmental Interpretation, The Journal of Geology, 103(1): 106–113
  2. Perry, R.S. and Adams, J.B. 1978. Desert varnish: evidence for cyclic deposition of manganese. Nature 276(5687):489–491.
  3. Chernicoff, Stanley and Whitney, Donna 2007. Geology: An Introduction to Physical Geology 4th ed. Pearson Education p. 585
  4. Cleland, C.E. (2007) Epistemological issues in the study of microbial life: alternative biospheres. Studies in the History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 38:847–861.
  5. "Life on Earth… but not as we know it", Robin McKie, 14 April 2013, The Guardian
  6. https://www.rms.org.uk/study-read/infocus-magazine/infocus-listing/desert-varnish-with-microscopy.html
  7. Blake, W.P. 1905. Superficial blackening and discoloration of rocks especially in desert regions. Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers 35:371–375.
  8. Potter, R.M. and Rossman, G.R. 1977. Desert varnish: the importance of clay minerals. Science 196(4297):1446–1448.
  9. The Photocatalytic Reactions of Desert Varnish, Lacie Johnson (Carrick Eggleston), 2013,
  10. Dorn, R.I. and Oberlander, T.M. 1981. Microbial origin of desert varnish. Science 213:1245–1247.
  11. Tanzhuo Liu and Ronald I. Dorn 1996. Understanding the Spatial Variability of Environmental Change in Drylands with Rock Varnish Microlaminations. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 86(2): 187–212.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.