Dentifrice

Dentifrices, including toothpowder and toothpaste, are agents used along with a toothbrush to clean and polish natural teeth. They are supplied in paste, powder, gel or liquid form. Many dentifrices have been produced over the years, some focusing on marketing strategies to sell products, such as offering whitening capabilities. The most essential dentifrice recommended by dentists is toothpaste which is used in conjunction with a toothbrush to help remove food debris and dental plaque. Dentifrice is also the French word for toothpaste.

Botica Iturbide brand tooth powder (early 20th century, Mexico) from the permanent collection of the Museo del Objeto del Objeto.

Types of dentifrices

Toothpaste
Main article: Toothpaste

Toothpaste is a dentifrice used in conjunction with a toothbrush to help maintain oral hygiene. The essential components are an abrasive, binder, surfactant and humectant. Other ingredients are also used. The main purpose of the paste is to help remove debris and plaque with some marketed to serve accessory functions such as breath freshening and teeth whitening.

Tooth powder
Red tooth powder from India

Tooth powder is an alternative to toothpaste. Modern versions may be sold with or without fluoride.

Tooth powder was historically used among the Romans to clean and whiten teeth, to fix them when loose, to strengthen the gums, and to assuage toothache.[1][2][3] They made tooth powder from a variety of substances, such as the bones, hoofs, and horns of certain animals;[1] crabs; oyster[4] and murex shells; and egg-shells. These ingredients were reduced to a fine powder, sometimes after having been previously burnt.[1][4] Some versions contained honey,[4] ground myrrh, nitre,[2] salt,[3] and hartshorn, which would be added after the initial powdering process. Pliny the Elder reported the use of pounded pumice as a dentifrice.[5] Arguably the best-known mention of tooth care among the Romans is found in a letter by Apuleius, who complains that using tooth powder is nothing to be ashamed of, especially compared to the "utterly repulsive things they do in Spain." Apuleius quotes Catullus in saying that he would be using his own urine "to brush his teeth and his red gums."[6]

By 1924, diatomaceous earth was mined for tooth powder.[7] In modern times, baking soda has been the most commonly used tooth powder, although this has now been mostly supplanted by commercial toothpastes.

The use of powdered substances such as charcoal, brick, and salt for cleaning teeth has been historically widespread in India, particularly in rural areas.[8] Modern tooth powder has been positioned as a cost-effective substitute for toothpaste, as it can be applied with the index finger without requiring use of a toothbrush.[8]

Mouthwash
Main article: Mouthwash

Mouthwashes come in a variety of compositions, many claiming to kill bacteria that make up plaque or to freshen breath.[9][10] In their basic form, they are usually recommended for use after brushing but some manufacturers recommend pre-brush rinsing. Dental research has recommended that mouthwash should be used as an aid to brushing rather than a replacement, because the sticky resistant nature of plaque prevents it from being actively removed by chemicals alone, and physical detachment of the sticky proteins is required.

Tooth soap

Tooth soap cleans gums as well as fissures and pits in teeth using soap. The soap helps remove oils, residue and other contaminants. It is available in hard, liquid and gel.

gollark: Probably memory bandwidth, since IIRC most things only have something like 32 bytes/second even to cache.
gollark: They have AVX and stuff. Not "muahahaha 32768 bits per clock cycle".
gollark: I wonder why this sort of thing doesn't exist on general purpose CPU architectures. Probably just horrible memory bandwidth requirements/accursedly large register files.
gollark: In terms of total throughput, I mean.
gollark: That is indeed quite crazy. I wonder how it compares to Intel's AMX thing.

See also

References
  1. Pliny the Elder (1855). "xxviii.49—REMEDIES FOR TOOTH-ACHE". The Natural History. Translated by John Bostock and H.T. Riley. London: Taylor and Francis.
  2. Pliny the Elder. "xxxi.46.(10.)—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF NITRUM, THE METHODS OF PREPARING IT, AND THE REMEDIES DERIVED FROM IT: TWO HUNDRED AND TWENTY-ONE OBSERVATIONS THEREON". The Natural History.
  3. Pliny the Elder. "xxxii.26.—REMEDIES FOR TOOTH-ACHE. THE DOG-FISH : FOUR REMEDIES. WHALE'S FLESH". The Natural History.
  4. Pliny the Elder. "xxxii.21.(6.)—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF OYSTERS: FIFTY-EIGHT REMEDIES AND OBSERVATIONS. PURPLES: NINE REMEDIES". The Natural History.
  5. Pliny the Elder. "xxxvi. 42.—PUMICE; NINE REMEDIES". The Natural History.
  6. Smith, D.C.L., LL.D., William (1875). A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, art. Dentifricium. London: John Murray.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ""Toothpowder Mountain" Built From Shells: Skeletons of Tiny Sea Urchins Piled Up on Bottom of Prehistoric Ocean Supply Industry with Valuable Rock". Popular Mechanics: 209–210. February 1924.
  8. Dogra, Balram (2010). Rural Marketing. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 9780070660007.
  9. Center for Scientific Information, ADA Science Institute (13 September 2017). "Mouthwash (Mouthrinse)". Oral Health Topics. American Dental Association. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  10. "5 Date Tips that Change the Game". Life's Smart Choices Blog. Oxyfresh. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
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