David Shaffer

David Shaffer F.R.C.P., F.R.C.Psych., (born 20 April 1936) is the Irving Philips Professor of Child Psychiatry in the Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University in New York City.[1] He is also the chief of pediatric psychiatry at New York–Presbyterian Hospital and chief of the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute.

For the education professor, see David Williamson Shaffer.

Training

Shaffer obtained his medical training in London, England. He qualified as a physician at University College London, undertook his training in paediatrics at Great Ormond Street Hospital for children in London, and trained at the Maudsley Hospital.

Study of suicide

At the Maudsley, Shaffer conducted the first epidemiological study of child and early adolescent suicide using the psychological autopsy method.[2] Findings included the short delay between experiencing a stressor and the act of suicide, the frequency of aggressive behavior, and the suggestions that imitation played a role in youth suicide. These findings would later be confirmed by his much larger controlled study in New York and the surrounding area.[3] Important findings from the New York study were the very high prevalence of alcohol and substance abuse in older male teens who committed suicide, and the significance of a prior suicide attempt as a predictor in males, but not females, for whom major depression was especially important.[3]

The finding of specific profiles and the almost universal presence of treatable psychiatric disorders among suicide victims suggested that case finding would be a viable method for preventing suicide. However, one approach to this, suicide-awareness educational programmes, was found to offer few benefits and potential risks.[4] This stimulated the development of a screening strategy instead.[5] Ultimately, Shaffer led a team of colleagues in creating the Columbia TeenScreen. The scoring algorithm indicated a sensitivity of 0.75, specificity 0.83, and positive predictive value 16% with suicidal ideation as the criterion.[6]

Study of diagnosis

Other research interests have included the development of diagnostic instruments. He was charged by the National Institutes of Health (NIMH) to develop a child version of the DIS for use in large field studies. The NIMH DISC "is a highly structured diagnostic interview, designed to assess more than 30 psychiatric disorders occurring in children and adolescents, and can be administered by "lay" interviewers after a minimal training period."[7] Shaffer has led the development of several editions of the DISC, including the current version (NIMH DISC-IV), which is based closely on DSM-IV. DISC-IV includes a computerized version of the interview that incorporates voice technology. This has greatly reduced the cost of administration, and allowed for self-completion by youth unable to read, obviating the constraining presence of an adult interviewer. The DISC has been translated into nine languages and has been used in approximately two hundred child research projects. Elements of the DISC have been employed by large, multi-site studies, such as the MTA; federally administered regular surveys, such as NHANES; and a number of other longitudinal studies. The availability of the instrument has, for the first time, allowed careful examination of patterns of psychiatric comorbidity and how this emerges over time, a matter of great importance for DSM. The American Psychiatric Association has just funded a grant to Shaffer’s group to reexamine DISC data on twenty-six thousand subjects for the purpose of identifying critical questions for DSM-V.

Shaffer’s contribution to psychiatric classification dates back to 1966, when he collaborated with Sir Michael Rutter to explore the benefits of a multi-axial system for ICD-9. This would subsequently be adapted for DSM-III. He served on the Child and Adolescent Work Group for DSM-III and DSM-IIIR and was co-chair of that group for DSM-IV. He is currently a member of the Child and Adolescent Work Group and the Mood Disorders Work Group for DSM-V and is co-chair of the Disruptive Behaviors Disorder Workgroup for DSM-V.

Other research

Building on data collected as part of the Columbia Presbyterian Hospital chapter of the multi-center Collaborative Perinatal Project, Shaffer led a study of the sequelae of age-7 neurological soft signs.[8] In that study, Shaffer and his colleagues found that neurological soft signs diagnosed at age 7 were related to mood and anxiety disorders ten years later.

Later years

Shaffer retired as director of the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at the New York State Psychiatric Institute[9]/Columbia University (CU) in May 2008, but retains his academic position and is actively engaged in research on DSM-5, on the determinants and triggers of suicide ideation, and on the categorization of suicide ideation and behavior in adolescents. He thus maintains his ties with the Division of Child Psychiatry at NYSPI/CU, which, under his leadership, grew from a small department with seven hundred visits a year to one with over thirty five thousand; from one without research grants to one that holds a portfolio of over $30 million per annum; and from one with four child psychiatrists in training to one that is now the largest in the country, with five endowed chairs, over twenty-four clinical trainees, eight research trainees, and junior researchers from all continents.

He has served as a consultant on suicide prevention for the U.S. Department of Defense, the Indian Health Service, and the York State Office of Mental Health. He was a member of the Surgeon General’s Advisory Task Force on Suicide Prevention. He is a past president of the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention and of the Society for Research in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology.

Awards and honours
  • The American Psychiatric Association awarded him the McGavin Award in 1995 and the Itteleson award in 2000.
  • In 2007, he received lifetime achievement awards from NARSAD and from the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention.
  • He received the American Suicide Foundation’s award for research in suicide in 1989 and the American Mental Health Fund Research Award for research on suicide in 1990.
  • The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry awarded him the Philips Prize for outstanding contribution to prevention in 1998, the Klingenstein Third-Generation Foundation Award for Research in Depression or Suicide in 2004, and the Catcher in the Rye Award in 2006.
  • In 2009, he received the Joseph Zubin Award from the American Psychopathological Association.

Offices held
  • President of the International Society for Research in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
  • President of the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention
  • President elect of the International Society for Research in Suicide Prevention.
  • Chairman of the Work Group on Research for the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

In addition to these research studies, he has contributed to the debate about the relationship between SSRI antidepressants and suicidal behavior for the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the American Psychiatric Association, and both the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology and the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology.

Family life

He has been married and divorced twice. His first wife was the caterer Serena Bass, by whom he has two sons. His second wife, by whom he has a daughter and a son, was Vogue editor in chief Anna Wintour.[10]

gollark: Also it would take years and vast amounts of effort.
gollark: If they fully rewrote it, they would probably end up doing basically the same stuff again, since Windows has likely accreted hundreds of thousands of lines of code to deal with X special case for backward compatibility.
gollark: Because full rewrites are very hard and would break things and are not that useful
gollark: Solution: manage everything from Powerßhell.
gollark: windows_irl

References
  1. . David Shaffer, M.D.
  2. Shaffer, D (1974). "Suicide in childhood and early adolescence". J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 15 (4): 275–91. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1974.tb01252.x. PMID 4459418.
  3. Shaffer, D., Gould, M.S., Fisher, P., Trautman, P., Moreau, D., Kleinman, M., & Flory, M. (1996). Psychiatric Diagnosis in Child and Adolescent Suicide. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53(4), 339-348. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830040075012. PMID 8634012.
  4. Shaffer, D., Garland, A., Vieland, V., Underwood, M., & Busnner, C. (1991). The impact of curriculum-based suicide prevention programs for teenagers. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 588-596. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199107000-0001
  5. Kaplan, Arline (1 March 2006). "Battling a National Killer: TeenScreen Aims To Prevent Teen Suicide". Psychiatric Times. p. 1.
  6. Shaffer, D; et al. (January 2004). "The Columbia Suicide Screen: Validity and Reliability of a Screen for Youth Suicide and Prevention" (PDF). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 43 (1): 71–9. doi:10.1097/00004583-200401000-00016. PMID 14691362.
  7. Shaffer, D; Fisher, P; Lucas, CP; Dulcan, MK; Schwab-Stone, ME (2000). "NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV (NIMH DISC-IV): description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses". J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 39 (1): 28–38. doi:10.1097/00004583-200001000-00014. PMID 10638065.
  8. Shaffer, D.; Schonfeld, I.; O'Connor, P.A.; Stokman, C.; Trautman, P.; Shafer, S.; Ng, S. (1985). "Neurological soft signs: Their relationship to psychiatric disorder and intelligence in childhood and adolescence". Archives of General Psychiatry. 42 (4): 342–351. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1985.01790270028003. PMID 3977551.
  9. (New York State Psychiatric Institute)
  10. Gray, Kevin (September 20, 1999). "The Summer of Her Discontent". New York Magazine. Archived from the original on January 3, 2003. Retrieved July 9, 2018.
Shaffer D, Gould MS, Brasic J, Ambrosini P, Fisher P, Bird H, Aluwahlia S.  A children’s global assessment scale (CGAS). Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1983;16(11):1228-1231. PubMed PMID: 6639293.</ref>

Shaffer D, Gould MS, Brasic J, Ambrosini P, Fisher P, Bird H, Aluwahlia S. A children’s global assessment scale (CGAS) (for children 4 to 16 years of age). Psychopharmacol Bull. 1985; 1(4):747-748.</ref>

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