Czarina Conlan

Czarina Conlan (1871-1958) was a Choctaw-Chickasaw archivist and museum curator. She worked at the Oklahoma Historical Society museum for 24 years. She founded the first woman's club in Indian Territory and served as the chair of the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Committee of the Oklahoma State Federation of Women's Clubs for 12 years. She was the first woman elected to serve on a school board in the state. Although the Attorney General of Oklahoma ruled she could not serve, she defied the order and completed a two-year term on the Lindsay School Board.

Czarina Conlan
1906
Born
Madeline Czarina Colbert

(1871-01-14)January 14, 1871
Colbert, in the Chickasaw Nation of Indian Territory
DiedMay 5, 1958(1958-05-05) (aged 87)
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
NationalityAmerican
Other namesCzarina Colbert
Occupationmuseum curator, Native American cultural preservationist, suffragist and indigenous rights activist
Years active1919-1942
Known forfirst woman to be elected to a school board in Oklahoma and first woman to represent the Choctaw Nation in Washington, D.C.

In 1928, she was appointed by an assembly of 400-500 Choctaw and Chickasaw tribe members from throughout Oklahoma to chair their convention and then to represent their interests in Washington, D.C. on the pending coal and asphalt resources bill. It was the first time a woman had been sent from either tribe as a representative for their tribe in Washington. She was inducted into the Oklahoma Hall of Fame in 1935.

Early life

Madeline Czarina Colbert[1] was born on January 14, 1871 in Colbert, in the Chickasaw Nation of Indian Territory[2] to Athenius (née Folsom) and James Allen Colbert.[3] Her father was Chickasaw and involved in tribal affairs of the Chickasaw Nation. Colbert's paternal grandfather, Martin Colbert, was involved in the negotiations for the Chickasaw removal from Mississippi to Indian Territory.[4] He chose to remain in Mississippi and accepted state and US citizenship.[5] Levi Colbert, a paternal great-grandfathere, served as Andrew Jackson's standard-bearer at the Battle of New Orleans.[4] Colbert's mother was of Choctaw descent, the daughter of Rev. Israel Folsom. He was one of the first Native Americans to be ordained as a preacher and to work among the Choctaw.[6] Her great-grandfather, Nathaniel Folsom, married Aiahnichih Ohoyoh, a cousin of noted leader Mushulatubbee.[7]

Colbert attended local Chickasaw schools for a few years before going to a convent school, St. Xavier Academy, in Denison, Texas.[8][9] She studied at Baird College in Clinton, Missouri, and then did additional work at Mary Baldwin College[2] in Staunton, Virginia in 1889.[10] She married Michael Conlan on November 6, 1894 in Atoka, in the Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory.[3] They had one child, a daughter Lottie.[11]

Career

In 1896, Conlan organized the Pioneer Club of Atoka, the first women's club in Indian Territory.[12] In 1898, when the women's clubs of Oklahoma decided to come together as the Federation of Women's Clubs for Oklahoma and Indian Territories, Conlan's group joined the federation.[13] In 1899, she was the only delegate from Indian Territory to attend the convention of the General Federation of Women's Clubs (GFWC) in Los Angeles.[14][note 1]

At the time, the GFWC was deeply divided on the issue of race. They did not reach a resolution as to whether the organization would be for "whites only" until 1902.[17] In 1903, when a group of ten Indian Territory women's clubs withdrew from the Oklahoma Federation to form the Federation of Women's Clubs of Indian Territory, Conlan was elected their first president and the group was admitted to GFWC in 1904.[13] In 1908, a year after Oklahoma statehood, the Indian women's group re-merged with the Oklahoma Women's Club.[18][13]

Conlan served for twelve years as the chair of the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Committee of the Oklahoma State Federation of Women's Clubs (OSFWC).[12][19] The committee was primarily concerned with health issues for women: they conducted hygiene classes at Indian schools and consulted in maternity issues.[18] In 1926, the organization, under Conlan's direction, prepared an index of Native American cultural contributions.[19] In 1932, she was elected as the Director of the OSFWC, which placed her on the national board of the GFWC.[11]

Conlan was one of the leading suffragists in Oklahoma.[20] She authored a resolution for the national convention of the GFWC[21] held in Boston in 1908[20] for women to press state legislatures to allow women to serve on school boards if law did not prohibit it.[21] Conlan was the first woman to serve on a school board in Oklahoma, having been elected to the post on the Lindsay School Board a decade before women's suffrage was granted.[11] Though she was elected in 1909,[20] the state Attorney General ruled that she could not serve. Conlan rallied other women and served in defiance of his order[21] for two years.[11] She later ran for the post of Commissioner of Charities and Corrections in 1914.[22]

In 1913, Conlan worked on a Century Chest Project for the Ladies Aid Society of the First English Lutheran Church of Oklahoma City. She was responsible for gathering items from various Oklahoma tribes, including books and documents in their native languages as well as cultural artifacts. The time capsule was opened in 2013 and displayed at the Historical Society Museum.[1]

In 1919, Conlan began working as the curator of the Native American collection of the museum run by the Oklahoma Historical Society.[18] Because she was Choctaw, Conlan was often able to secure gifts and items from tribal members for the museum collection, that others might not have been able to acquire.[14] She served as the main collector of Native American artifacts and documents for the museum until 1942. That year, she was dismissed from the post.[23]

In 1928, a convention of Choctaw and Chickasaw tribe members from throughout Oklahoma was held in Ardmore. Thy discussed both financial issues and the burdens being placed upon them due to passage and implementation of the Indian Citizenship Act and the Burke Act. Since their tribal governments had been abolished, the tribal members were concerned about the inability to secure funds that were due them for their coal and asphalt lands to provide for their tribe members. Those elected as committee representatives were men, except two women, Conlan for the Choctaw tribe and Estelle Ward for the Chickasaw tribe. Conlan was selected as chair of the convention.[24] The committee met to prepare the recommendations and broke with precedent, sending Conlan and Estelle Chisholm Ward to Washington, D.C. to argue in favor of passage of a bill proposed by U.S. House Representative Wilburn Cartwright for sale of the coal and asphalt holdings, as well as continuing the restrictions of selling Indian lands. It was the first time that women had been sent to Washington as representatives of their tribes.[25] In 1944, Congress finally passed a bill authorizing the sale of the coal and asphalt lands, but there were factions of Choctaw and Chickasaw who were discontented that it had taken so long for their leadership to distribute the funds from the long-promised sale. In the political battle which then ensued between Harry J. W. Belvin and Chief William A. Durant, Conlan threw her support behind Durant, who lost the election.[26]

Conlan died on 5 May 1958, in Oklahoma City following a brief illness and was buried at the Fairlawn Cemetery.[9] The Western History Collections at the University of Oklahoma maintains a collection of memorabilia called the "Madeline Czarina Colbert Conlan Collection". which focuses on Choctaw and other Native American documents.[27]

Awards and recognition

In 1933, Conlan was nominated to receive the inaugural Indian Achievement Medal of the Indian Council Fire, though she did not win the award,[28] she was inducted into the Oklahoma Hall of Fame in 1935.[12][29]

Notes
  1. It is unclear if the convention in question was a state convention or if the year is incorrect and it was a national convention. California formed their state organization in 1899 and had a statewide convention in that year. They did not host a national convention until 1902.[15][16][17]
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References

Citations
  1. Nichols 2014.
  2. Local government publication 1936, p. 75.
  3. Sprague 2007, p. 45.
  4. Clark 1938, p. 39.
  5. Atkinson 2004, p. 234.
  6. Littlefield Jr. & Parins 1995, p. 3.
  7. Cushman 1962, p. 328.
  8. Clark 1938, pp. 40-41.
  9. The Daily Oklahoman 1958, p. 25.
  10. Mary Baldwin News Letter 1928, p. 10.
  11. Clark 1938, p. 41.
  12. Oklahoma Hall of Fame 2016.
  13. Wilson 2009.
  14. The Portsmouth Herald 1925, p. 4.
  15. The Los Angeles Times 1899, p. 15.
  16. The Los Angeles Times 1901, p. 15.
  17. Smith 2010, p. 511.
  18. The Decatur Daily Review 1927, p. 14.
  19. The Joplin Globe 1926, p. 1.
  20. The Daily Ardmoreite 1909, p. 3.
  21. The Daily Ardmoreite 1910, p. 3.
  22. The Star-Gazette 1914, p. 1.
  23. The Miami Daily News-Record 1942, p. 5.
  24. The Daily Ardmoreite & March 25, 1928, p. 3.
  25. The Daily Ardmoreite & April 3, 1928, p. 2.
  26. Green 2014.
  27. Southwell 2002, p. 415.
  28. The Current Local 1933, p. 6.
  29. The Miami Daily News-Record 1935, p. 1.

Bibliography
  • Atkinson, James R. (2004). Splendid Land, Splendid People: The Chickasaw Indians to Removal. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-5033-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Clark, J. S. (January 4, 1938). "Interview with Elizabeth King Cogill" (PDF). University of Oklahoma Digital Libraries. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma. Retrieved 8 August 2016.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Cushman, Horatio Bardwell (1962). History of the Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Natchez Indians. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3127-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Green, Richard (September 8, 2014). "Jimmy Belvin and the Rise of Tribal Sovereignty, 1944-48". Chickasaw. Ada, Oklahoma: The Official Site of the Chickasaw Nation. Archived from the original on January 11, 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2016.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Littlefield Jr., Daniel F.; Parins, James W., eds. (1995). Native American writing in the Southeast. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-61703-441-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Local government publication (1936). Principal Women of America: being the biographies of American women who stand pre-eminent in their country. 2. London, England: Mitre Press. OCLC 656133682.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Nichols, Max (March 26, 2014). "Items in The Century Chest to be exhibited at Historical Society". Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: NewsOK. Retrieved 7 August 2016.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Smith, Mary Jane (Winter 2010). "The Fight to Protect Race and Regional Identity within the General Federation of Women's Clubs, 1895-1902". The Georgia Historical Quarterly. Savannah, Georgia: Georgia Historical Society. 94 (4): 479–513. ISSN 0016-8297. JSTOR 41304225.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Southwell, Kristina L., ed. (2002). Guide to Manuscripts in the Western History Collections of the University of Oklahoma. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3473-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Sprague, Donovin Arleigh (2007). Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-4147-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Wilson, Linda D. (2009). "Oklahoma Federation of Women's Clubs". Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on April 15, 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2016.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • "Chickasaws and Choctaws to Send Delegation to Capital". The Daily Ardmoreite. Ardmore, Oklahoma. March 25, 1928. Retrieved 8 August 2016 – via Newspaperarchive.com.
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  • "Conlan, Czarina: 1935". Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: Oklahoma Hall of Fame. 2016. Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  • "Do the Women Want to Vote?". The Daily Ardmoreite. Ardmore, Oklahoma. AP. May 24, 1909. Retrieved 8 August 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
  • "Do You Know That?". Mary Baldwin News Letter. Staunton, Virginia: Alumni Association of Mary Baldwin College. 3 (5). April 1928. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  • "Holds Office Through Sentiment". The Daily Ardmoreite. Ardmore, Oklahoma. AP. June 29, 1910. Retrieved 8 August 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
  • "Indians Break Precedents to Send Women Representatives". The Daily Ardmoreite. Ardmore, Oklahoma. April 3, 1928. Retrieved 8 August 2016 – via Newspaperarchive.com.
  • "Indian Women of Oklahoma Active Workers in Clubs". Decatur, Illinois: The Decatur Daily Review. AP. December 13, 1927. Retrieved 8 August 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
  • "Mrs. Czarina Colbert Conlan". The Star-Gazette. Sallisaw, Oklahoma. July 10, 1914. Retrieved 8 August 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
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  • "State Birthday is Remembered". Miami, Oklahoma: The Miami Daily News-Record. November 17, 1935. Retrieved 9 August 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
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  • "(untitled)". The Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. May 19, 1899. Retrieved 8 August 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
  • "Who is the Greatest Indian of Today?". Van Buren, Missouri: The Current Local. AP. August 31, 1933. Retrieved 4 August 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
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