Cyrtophora

Cyrtophora, the tent-web spiders, is a genus of orb-weaver spiders first described by Eugène Simon in 1895.[2] Although they are in the "orb weaver" family, they do not build orb webs. Their tent-like, highly complex non-sticky web is sometimes considered a precursor of the simplified orb web. These webs are aligned horizontally, with a network of supporting threads above them. These spiders often live in colonies. Females have a body length of mostly about 10 millimetres (0.39 in) long. Some members, including Cyrtophora cicatrosa, exhibit the ability to change colour rapidly.[3]

Tent-web spider
Green tent-web spider
Cyrtophora moluccensis suspended beneath its web
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Araneidae
Subfamily: Cyrtophorinae
Genus: Cyrtophora
Simon, 1864
Type species
C. citricola
(Forsskål, 1775)
Species

53, see text

Synonyms[1]
  • Suzumia

A kleptoparasitic spider (Argyrodes fissifrons) was found to live in a mutualistic relationships with Cyrtophora species.[4][5] Some of the species are considered social spiders, building large structures where the territories of the offspring are built along the margin of the mothers web.[6]

Species

As of April 2019 it contains fifty-three species:[1]

  • C. admiralia Strand, 1913 – Admiralty Is.
  • C. beccarii (Thorell, 1878) – Laos, Malaysia to Australia (Northern Territory)
  • C. bicauda (Saito, 1933) – Taiwan
  • C. bidenta Tikader, 1970 – India
  • C. bimaculata Han, Zhang & Zhu, 2010 – China
  • C. bituberculata Roy, Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2017 – India
  • C. caudata Bösenberg & Lenz, 1895 – East Africa
  • C. cephalotes Simon, 1877 – Philippines
  • C. cicatrosa (Stoliczka, 1869) – Pakistan to Australia (Northern Territory)
  • C. citricola (Forsskål, 1775) – Southern Europe, Africa, Middle East, Pakistan, India, China, Japan. Introduced to Dominican Rep., Costa Rica, Colombia, Brazil[7]
  • C. cordiformis (L. Koch, 1871) – New Guinea, Australia (Queensland, Lord Howe Is.)
  • C. crassipes (Rainbow, 1897) – Australia (New South Wales)
  • C. cylindroides (Walckenaer, 1841) – China to Australia (Queensland)
    • Cyrtophora c. scalaris Strand, 1915 – Papua New Guinea (New Britain)
  • C. diazoma (Thorell, 1890) – Indonesia (Sumatra)
  • C. doriae (Thorell, 1881) – New Guinea, Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Arch.)
  • C. eczematica (Thorell, 1892) – Malaysia, Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi), New Guinea
  • C. exanthematica (Doleschall, 1859) – Myanmar to Philippines, Australia (New South Wales)
  • C. feae (Thorell, 1887) – India to Myanmar
  • C. forbesi (Thorell, 1890) – Indonesia (Sumatra)
  • C. gazellae (Karsch, 1878) – Papua New Guinea (New Britain)
  • C. gemmosa Thorell, 1899 – Cameroon
  • C. guangxiensis Yin, Wang, Xie & Peng, 1990 – China
  • C. hainanensis Yin, Wang, Xie & Peng, 1990 – China
  • C. hirta L. Koch, 1872 – Australia (Queensland, New South Wales)
  • C. ikomosanensis (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) – Taiwan, Japan
  • C. jabalpurensis Gajbe & Gajbe, 1999 – India
  • C. koronadalensis Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines
  • C. ksudra Sherriffs, 1928 – India
  • C. lacunaris Yin, Wang, Xie & Peng, 1990 – China
  • C. lahirii Biswas & Raychaudhuri, 2004 – Bangladesh
  • C. larinioides Simon, 1895 – Cameroon
  • C. limbata (Thorell, 1898) – Myanmar
  • C. lineata Kulczyński, 1910 – Solomon Is., Bismarck Arch.
  • C. moluccensis (Doleschall, 1857) – India to Japan, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Australia, Fiji, Tonga, French Polynesia
  • C. monulfi Chrysanthus, 1960 – New Guinea, Australia (Northern Territory)
  • C. nareshi Biswas & Raychaudhuri, 2004 – Bangladesh
  • C. parangexanthematica Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines
  • C. parnasia L. Koch, 1872 – Australia, Tasmania
  • C. petersi Karsch, 1878 – Mozambique
  • C. rainbowi (Roewer, 1955) – Australia (New South Wales)
  • C. sextuberculata Tanikawa & Petcharad, 2015 – Thailand
  • C. subacalypha (Simon, 1882) – Yemen
  • C. trigona (L. Koch, 1871) – Australia (Queensland), New Guinea
  • C. unicolor (Doleschall, 1857) – India, Sri Lanka to Japan, Philippines, New Guinea, Australia (Christmas Is.)
gollark: Euler was a real person, alright.
gollark: Anyway, there are other options you should consider: scholarships, possibly going to other countries although I doubt any will let you just go there and get free university or something, working in a job which does not require the expensive training so you can be financially independent, probably other stuff.
gollark: Oh no. How terrible.
gollark: Well, you have options other than going along with it or... well, not studying maths due to lack of money.
gollark: But school is bad still.

References
  1. "Gen. Cyrtophora Simon, 1864". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2019-05-13.
  2. Simon, E (1895). Histoire naturelle des araignées. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.51973.
  3. "Spider Ecology". Earth-Life Web Productions.
  4. Tso, I.M.; Severinghaus, L.L. (2000). "Argyrodes fissifrons inhabiting webs of Cyrtophora hosts: Prey size distribution and population characteristics" (PDF). Zoological Studies. 39: 236–242.
  5. Peng, P; Blamires, SJ; Agnarsson, I; Lin, HC; Tso, IM (2013). "A color-mediated mutualism between two arthropod predators". Curr. Biol. 23: 172–176. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.11.057. PMID 23260470.
  6. Downes, M.F. (1995). "Australasian sodal spiders: what is meant by 'soda!'?" (PDF). Records of the Western Australian Museum. 52: 25–32. Retrieved 2017-09-21.
  7. Álvares, É.S.S.; De Maria, M. (2004). "First record of Cyrtophora citricola (Forskål) in Brazil (Araneae, Araneidae)" (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia. 21 (1): 155–156. doi:10.1590/S0101-81752004000100026.
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