Cydalima perspectalis

Cydalima perspectalis or the box tree moth is a species of moth of the family Crambidae. The species was first described by the English entomologist, Francis Walker, in 1859. The box tree moth is native to Japan, China, Taiwan, Korea, far-east Russia and India.[1] It has invaded Europe; first recorded in Germany in 2006, then Switzerland and the Netherlands in 2007, Great Britain in 2008, France and Austria in 2009,[2][3][4][5] Hungary in 2011,[6] then Romania,[7] Spain[8] and Turkey.[9] It is been seen in Slovakia, Belgium[10] and Croatia,[11]

Cydalima perspectalis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Crambidae
Genus: Cydalima
Species:
C. perspectalis
Binomial name
Cydalima perspectalis
(Walker, 1859)
Synonyms
  • Phakellura perspectalis Walker, 1859
  • Glyphodes perspectalis
  • Diaphania perspectalis
  • Palpita perspectalis
  • Neoglyphodes perspectalis
  • Glyphodes albifuscalis Hampson, 1899
  • Phacellura advenalis Lederer, 1863

It was during preparations for the 2014 Winter Olympics in 2012, that it was introduced from Italy to Sochi, European Russia, with the planting stock of Buxus sempervirens. The following year it defoliated Buxus colchica in large quantities.[12] It was recorded in Ontario, Canada in August 2018.[13]

Control measures

Synthetic insecticides such as cypermethrin and deltamethrin are efficient, but must be thoroughly applied inside the bush and under leaves. Natural pyrethrin insecticides, extracted from Chrysanthemum and mixed with colza oil, can also be used. Spinosad, based on chemical compounds found in a bacterium, is also efficient.

Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki is a bacterium which produces an insect-specific endotoxin which perforates the caterpillars' gut lining, leading to paralysis and death.

Nematodes also have an action on the digestive system of larvae (difficult to adopt on this moth).

Pheromone traps (attracting adult males) are able to prevent impregnation of adult females and therefore control the severity of the damage. A more important proportion of sterile eggs is deposited by adult females. The selectivity of the pheromone is very good and useful indigenous species are not attracted. Pheromone traps must be in place from March–April to October–November.

Insecticide, Bacillus and nematode treatments must be repeated three times at an interval of about ten days, because they mostly affect young larvae.

The species has become widespread in London and surrounding areas and has been ranked the top garden pest in Great Britain.[16] Royal Horticultural Society provides an on-line survey to keep track of the pest.[17]

  • first description WALKER 1859
  • Larva
  • Pupa
  • Brown color varian
  • Pheromone trap. The pheromone is included in the small plastic tube below the cap, and directly below there is a funnel leading into the receiving container
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References
  1. "Buchsbaumzünsler (Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859))" (in German). insekten-sachsen.de. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
  2. "Box tree caterpillar". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  3. Landwirtschaftskammer Vorarlberg: Buchsbaumzünsler wieder Aktiv. Archived 2020-04-01 at the Wayback Machine In: Obst- und Gartenkultur Vorarlberg.
  4. Fauna Europaea
  5. Mally, Richard; Nuss, Matthias (2010). "Phylogeny and nomenclature of the box tree moth, Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) comb. n., which was recently introduced into Europe (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae: Spilomelinae)". European Journal of Entomology. 107 (3): 393–400. doi:10.14411/eje.2010.048.
  6. Sáfián, Sz.; Horváth, B. (2011). "Box Tree Moth – Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859), new member in the Lepidoptera fauna of Hungary (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)". Natura Somogyiensis. 19: 245–246.
  7. Székely, L.; Dinca, V.; Mihai, C. (2012). "Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859), a new species for the Romanian fauna (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae)". Buletin de Informare Entomologica. 22 (3–4): 73–77.
  8. Bosch, Rosa M. (2018-12-27). "Los bojedales, en peligro por una voraz oruga asiática". La Vanguardia. Retrieved 2019-02-01.
  9. Hizal, E.; Kose, M.; Yesiland, C.; Kaynar, D. (2011). "The New Pest Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Turkey". Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 11 (3): 400–403.
  10. "Lepidoptera of Belgium". Archived from the original on 2013-12-30. Retrieved 2012-01-12.
  11. Box tree moth (Cydalima perspectalis, Lepidoptera; Crambidae), new invasive insect pest in Croatia
  12. http://www.dendrarium.ru/news-dendrariy/160-2013-10-17-11-38-53 Archived 2016-08-10 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  13. "An Invasive Moth is recorded in Ontario, Canada - Observation of the Week, 9/9/18". iNaturalist. 2018-09-09. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
  14. Invasive caterpillar 'could spread in UK'
  15. Martini, Antonio; Di Vitantonio, Cinzia; Dindo, Maria Luisa (2019). "Acceptance and suitability of the box tree moth Cydalima perspectalis as host for the tachinid parasitoid Exorista larvarum". Bulletin of Insectology. 72 (1): 150–160.
  16. "The box tree caterpillar is now ranked the top garden pest in Britain". Mail Online. Retrieved 2018-05-13.
  17. "RHS box tree moth".
  • Santi, F. Radeghieri, P. Inga Sigurtà, G. Maini, S., Sex pheromone traps for detection of the invasive box tree moth in Italy (PDF), in Bulletin of Insectology, vol. 68, nº 1, Bologna, Dept. of Agroenvironmental Sciences and Technologies, 2015, pp. 158–160, ISSN 1721-8861
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