Cyathea

Cyathea is a genus of tree ferns, the type genus of the fern order Cyatheales.

Not to be confused with Cyathium or Cyathus.

Cyathea
Cyathea medullaris growing in New Zealand
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Class: Polypodiopsida
Order: Cyatheales
Family: Cyatheaceae
Genus: Cyathea
J. E. Smith, 1793
Species

See text.

The genus name Cyathea is derived from the Greek kyatheion, meaning "little cup", and refers to the cup-shaped sori on the underside of the fronds.

Description

The species of Cyathea are mostly terrestrial ferns, usually with a single tall stem. Rarely, the trunk may be branched or creeping. Many species also develop a fibrous mass of roots at the base of the trunk.

The genus has a pantropical distribution, with over 470 species. They grow in habitats ranging from tropical rain forests to temperate woodlands.

Classification

Conant et al. in 1996, concluded on molecular cpDNA and morphological evidence that a system of three clades – Alsophila, Cyathea and Sphaeropteris was the most accurate reflection of evolutionary lineages within the Cyatheaceae, Alsophila being the most basal and Cyathea and Sphaeropteris derived sister groups.[1] In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), these are accepted as separate genera, Alsophila, Cyathea and Sphaeropteris.[2]

Species
  • Cyathea acutidens
  • Cyathea aemula
  • Cyathea alata
  • Cyathea albomarginata
  • Cyathea alphonsiana
  • Cyathea alstonii
  • Cyathea amazonica
  • Cyathea andina
  • Cyathea arborea
  • Cyathea armata
  • Cyathea ars
  • Cyathea aspera
  • Cyathea asplenioides syn.: Hymenophyllopsis asplenioides
  • Cyathea atahuallpa
  • Cyathea aterrima
  • Cyathea atrovirens
  • Cyathea barringtonii
  • Cyathea × bernardii
  • Cyathea bettinae
  • Cyathea bicrenata
  • Cyathea bipinnata
  • Cyathea boliviana
  • Cyathea borinquena
  • Cyathea bradei
  • Cyathea brevistipes
  • Cyathea brunnescens
  • Cyathea × calolepis
  • Cyathea caracasana
  • Cyathea cicatricosa
  • Cyathea concordia
  • Cyathea conformis
  • Cyathea conjugata
  • Cyathea corallifera
  • Cyathea costaricensis
  • †Cyathea cranhamii
  • Cyathea ctenitoides syn.: Hymenophyllopsis ctenitoides
  • Cyathea cyatheoides
  • Cyathea cyclodium
  • Cyathea cystolepis
  • Cyathea darienensis
  • Cyathea decomposita
  • Cyathea decorata
  • Cyathea decurrens
  • Cyathea dejecta syn.: Hymenophyllopsis dejecta
  • Cyathea delgadii
  • Cyathea demissa
  • Cyathea dichromatolepis
  • Cyathea dissimilis
  • Cyathea dissoluta
  • Cyathea divergens
  • Cyathea dombeyi
  • Cyathea dudleyi
  • Cyathea ebenina
  • Cyathea estelae
  • Cyathea falcata
  • Cyathea frigida
  • Cyathea fulva
  • Cyathea furfuracea
  • Cyathea gardneri[lower-alpha 1]
  • Cyathea gibbosa
  • Cyathea glauca
  • Cyathea gracilis
  • Cyathea halonata
  • Cyathea harrisii
  • Cyathea haughtii
  • Cyathea hemiepiphytica
  • Cyathea hirsuta
  • Cyathea hodgeana
  • Cyathea holdridgeana
  • Cyathea howeana
  • Cyathea hymenophylloidessyn.: Hymenophyllopsis hymenophylloides
  • Cyathea impar
  • Cyathea incognita syn.: Hymenophyllopsis incognita
  • Cyathea intramarginalis
  • Cyathea jamaicensis
  • Cyathea kalbreyeri
  • Cyathea lasiosora
  • Cyathea latevagens
  • Cyathea lechleri
  • Cyathea leucofolis
  • Cyathea × lewisii
  • Cyathea lockwoodiana
  • Cyathea macrocarpa
  • Cyathea macrosora
  • Cyathea marginalis
  • Cyathea microdonta
  • Cyathea microphylla
  • Cyathea microphylla[lower-alpha 2]
  • Cyathea mucilagina
  • Cyathea multiflora
  • Cyathea multisegmenta
  • Cyathea myosuroides
  • Cyathea nanna
  • Cyathea nesiotica
  • Cyathea nigripes
  • Cyathea nodulifera
  • Cyathea notabilis
  • Cyathea onusta
  • Cyathea palaciosii
  • Cyathea paladensis
  • Cyathea pallescens
  • Cyathea parianensis
  • Cyathea parva[lower-alpha 3]
  • Cyathea parvula
  • Cyathea pauciflora
  • Cyathea petiolata
  • Cyathea phalaenolepis
  • Cyathea phalerata
  • Cyathea phegopteroides
  • Cyathea pilosissima
  • Cyathea pinnula
  • Cyathea platylepis
  • Cyathea poeppigii
  • Cyathea praecincta
  • Cyathea pseudonanna
  • Cyathea pubens
  • Cyathea punctata
  • Cyathea pungens
  • Cyathea robertsiana
  • Cyathea rufa
  • Cyathea ruiziana
  • Cyathea sagittifolia
  • Cyathea schiedeana
  • Cyathea schlimii
  • Cyathea senilis
  • Cyathea simplex
  • Cyathea sipapoensis
  • Cyathea speciosa
  • Cyathea squamulosa
  • Cyathea steyermarkii
  • Cyathea stipularis
  • Cyathea stokesii
  • Cyathea stolzei
  • Cyathea straminea
  • Cyathea subtropica
  • Cyathea suprastrigosa
  • Cyathea surinamensis
  • Cyathea tenera
  • Cyathea tepuiana syn.: Hymenophyllopsis steyermarkii
  • Cyathea tortuosa
  • Cyathea trichiata
  • Cyathea trichomanoides syn.: Hymenophyllopsis superba
  • Cyathea tryonorum
  • Cyathea universitatis syn.: Hymenophyllopsis universitatis
  • Cyathea ursina
  • Cyathea valdecrenata
  • Cyathea venezuelensis
  • Cyathea villosa
  • Cyathea weatherbyana
  • Cyathea wendlandii
  • Cyathea werffii
  • Cyathea williamsii

Uncertain or dubious taxa

Misassigned taxa
  • Cyathea abitaguensis (Domin) Domin, 1930 = Cnemidaria uleana
  • Cyathea antillana Domin, 1930 = Cnemidaria grandifolia
  • Cyathea aristata Domin, 1930 = Cnemidaria apiculata
  • Cyathea choricarpa (Maxon) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria choricarpa
  • Cyathea commutata Sprengel, 1804 = Cnemidaria horrida
  • Cyathea decurrentiloba Domin, 1930 = Cnemidaria decurrens
  • Cyathea elegantissima (Fée) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria decurrens
  • Cyathea ewanii Alston, 1958 = Cnemidaria ewanii
  • Cyathea grandifolia Willdenow, 1810 = Cnemidaria grandifolia
  • Cyathea grandis (Maxon) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria mutica
  • Cyathea guatemalensis (Maxon) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria decurrens
  • Cyathea horrida (Linnaeus) J. E. Smith, 1793 = Cnemidaria horrida
  • Cyathea imrayana (W. J. Hooker) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria grandifolia
  • Cyathea karsteniana Klotzsch, 1852 = Cnemidaria karsteniana
  • Cyathea kohautiana (Presl) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria grandifolia
  • Cyathea leprieurii (Kunze) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria cruciata
  • Cyathea liebmannii Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria decurrens
  • Cyathea lucida (Fée) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria decurrens
  • Cyathea minita Kaulfuss, 1824 = Cnemidaria grandifolia
  • Cyathea mutica (Christ) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria mutica
  • Cyathea obtusa (Kaulfuss) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria grandifolia
  • Cyathea roraimensis (Domin) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria roraimensis
  • Cyathea spectabilis (Kunze) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria spectabilis
    • Cyathea spectabilis var. colombiensis Stolze, 1974 = Cnemidaria spectabilis var. colombiensis
    • Cyathea spectabilis var. longipinna (Domin) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria spectabilis var. spectabilis
    • Cyathea spectabilis var. trinitensis (Domin) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria spectabilis var. spectabilis
  • Cyathea subarborescens Domin, 1930 = Cnemidaria uleana
  • Cyathea subincisa (Kunze) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria speciosa
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References
Dried Cyathea podophylla.
  1. Conant, D.S.; Raubeson, L.A.; Attwood, D.K.; Perera, S.; Zimmer, E.A.; Sweere, J.A.; Stein, D.B. (1996). "Phylogenetic and evolutionary implications of combined analysis of DNA and morphology in the Cyatheaceae". In Camus, J.M.; Gibby, M.; Johns, R.J. (eds.). Pteridology in perspective. Kew, U.K.: Royal Botanic Gardens. pp. 231–248. ISBN 9781900347099.
  2. PPG I (2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (6): 563–603. doi:10.1111/jse.12229.

Notes
  1. Cyathea gardneri (W. J. Hooker) Lellinger 1987, not C. gardneri W. J. Hooker 1844.
  2. Cyathea microphylla (Klotzsch) Tryon 1970, not C. microphylla Mettenius 1856.
  3. Cyathea parva (Maxon) Tryon 1976, not C. parva Copeland 1942.

Bibliography
  • Christenhusz, M.J.M. (2009). New combinations and an overview of Cyathea subg. Hymenophyllopsis (Cyatheaceae). Phytotaxa 1: 37–42.
  • Large, M.F. and J.E. Braggins (2004). Tree Ferns. Timber Press, Inc. ISBN 0-88192-630-2
  • Lehnert, M. (2006). New species and records of tree ferns (Cyatheaceae, Pteridophyta) in the northern Andes. Organisms, Diversity & Evolution 6: 321–322, electronic supplement 13: 1-11.
  • Lehnert, M. (2009). Three new species of scaly tree ferns (Cyathea-Cyatheaceae) from the northern Andes. Phytotaxa 2: 43–56.
  • The International Plant Names Index
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