Crotalus pyrrhus

Crotalus pyrrhus is a venomous pitviper species[2] found in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. A medium-sized snake, it is found mostly in rocky country, active at night and feeding on small mammals. The coloration is variable and depends on the color of the rocks and soil of the habitat.

Crotalus pyrrhus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Viperidae
Genus: Crotalus
Species:
C. pyrrhus
Binomial name
Crotalus pyrrhus
(Cope, 1867)
Synonyms
  • Caudisona pyrrha Cope, 1867
  • Crotalus pyrrhus – Yarrow In Wheeler, 1875
  • Crotalus pyrrhus – Streets, 1877
  • [Crotalus confluentus] Var. pyrrhus – Garman, 1884
  • Crotalus Mitchellii pyrrhus
    – Stejneger, 1895
  • Crotalus goldmani Schmidt, 1922
  • Crotalus mitchellii pyrrhus
    – Klauber, 1936
  • Crotalus mitchelli [sic] pyrrhus
    – Klauber, 1952
  • Crotalus mitchellii pyrrhus
    – McCrystal & McCoid, 1986[1]
Common names: southwestern speckled rattlesnake,[2] Mitchell's rattlesnake,[3] more.

Description

Adults grow to an average length of 3 feet (91 cm), but may sometimes exceed 4 feet (120 cm).[4]

The color pattern is variable, depending on the color of the rocks and soil of the habitat. The snake's ground color may be pink, brown, gray, yellow or nearly white, and speckled with black and white. The pattern (if present) may consist of rhombs, bands or blotches. The tail is ringed.[4]

Common names

Southwestern speckled rattlesnake,[2] bleached rattlesnake, Mitchell's rattlesnake, pale rattler, pallid rattlesnake, red rattlesnake, speckled rattlesnake, white rattlesnake.[3]

Geographic range

Found in the United States in southern California, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah and western Arizona. Also found in Mexico in northwestern Sonora and northern Baja California. No type locality was included in Cope's original 1867 description. Coues In Wheeler (1875) lists it as "Cañon Prieto, a locality near Fort Whipple [Yavapai County], Arizona."[1]

Habitat

Rocky country, including rocky hillsides and canyons, talus slopes and rock ledges.[4] In southern California, these snakes have sometimes been found in chaparral or cactus country, but usually never stray far from the rocks that provide its usual shelter. Not exclusively a rock dweller, they have also been observed emerging from mammal burrows at dusk. The species has been found at elevations of more than 5,000 feet (1,500 m).[5]

Behavior

Primarily nocturnal, these snakes shelter in rock crevices and mammal burrows during the heat of the day. They become more diurnal during the cooler months of the year.[4]

Feeding

The diet consists mostly of small mammals, although birds and lizards are also taken, the latter especially by juveniles. There is one report of a large specimen that contained a nearly grown cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus auduboni sanctidiegi). Another report describes a specimen that had eaten eight birds, most likely goldfinches, that had been attracted to a small fountain installed as a bird bath at a desert camp.[5]

Reproduction

Ovoviviparous, with females giving birth to as many as 12 live young. Neonates are 12 inches (30 cm) long and prey mostly on lizards.[4]

Venom

Hartnett (1931) describes a case of a man who was bitten on his left thumb. Aside from the sharp stab of the fangs being embedded, there was no pain until after an incision had been made and antivenin had been administered. There was then severe pain that lasted for about an hour after the bite, followed eventually by much discoloration and swelling, his fingers looking like red bananas. His fingers and wrist were covered with blebs and his palm with one large blister.[5]

In another case, a man was bitten on his heel, through his overalls and a sock. At first, the sensation was like being struck by a thorn, with only a drop of blood at fang mark. After 45 minutes and a 1 1⁄4 miles (2.0 km) walk, a tourniquet was applied and an incision made. Four hours later, his calf was considerably swollen and discolored, which was later followed by pain in the groin. Further symptoms were obscured by the treatment and an uneventful recovery was made.[5]

gollark: Unless you basically don't have a market economy, it is very unlikely that there will be no differences in the quality/quantity of goods children can get from parents.
gollark: Even if not directly money.
gollark: But if people are raised by their parents, wealthier parents can quite easily give them access to more stuff.
gollark: And why would government organised like this be immune to the horrible problems of current politics?
gollark: I don't see how you could possibly implement that without just collectively raising children.

References
  1. McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. "Crotalus mitchellii pyrrhus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 29 July 2008.
  3. Wright AH, Wright AA. 1957. Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. 2 volumes. Comstock Publishing Associates. Ithaca and London. (7th printing, 1985). 1105 pp. ISBN 0-8014-0463-0.
  4. Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.
  5. Klauber LM. 1997. Rattlesnakes: Their Habitats, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind. Second Edition. 2 volumes. Reprint, University of California Press, Berkeley. ISBN 0-520-21056-5.

Further reading
  • Cope, E.D. 1867. On the REPTILIA and BATRACHIA of the Sonoran Province of the Nearctic Region. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 18: 300-314. ("Caudisona pyrrha sp. nov.", pp. 308, 310.)
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