Critical appraisal

Critical appraisal is the use of explicit, transparent methods to assess the data in published research, applying the rules of evidence to factors such as internal validity, adherence to reporting standards, conclusions and generalizability.[1][2] Critical appraisal methods form a central part of the systematic review process.[3] They are used in evidence-based healthcare training to assist clinical decision-making, and are increasingly used in evidence-based social care and education provision.

Critical appraisal checklists help to appraise the quality of the study design and (for quantitative studies) the risk of bias. Critical appraisal tools for cross-sectional studies are the AXIS tool[4] and JBI tools;[5] for randomised controlled trials are Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool,[6] JBI tool[7] and CASP tools.[8] Critical appraisal may also be an integral part of formalized approaches to turn evidence into recommendations for practice such as GRADE.

The learning and teaching of critical appraisal skills can be enhanced by conducting a mock randomized controlled trial in class, such as the red Smarties trial in which learners compared the effect of Smarties upon happiness.[9]

See also

References
  1. Earl-Slater, Alan (2002). The Handbook of Clinical Trials and Other Research. Radcliffe Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85775-485-8.
  2. Porta, Miquel; John M. Last (2008). Dictionary of Epidemiology (5 ed.). OUP USA. ISBN 978-0-19-531450-2.
  3. Higgins JPT, Green S (eds) (2008). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.0.1 [updated September 2008]. The Cochrane Collaboration. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
  4. Dean, Rachel S.; Williams, Hywel C.; Brennan, Marnie L.; Downes, Martin J. (2016-12-01). "Development of a critical appraisal tool to assess the quality of cross-sectional studies (AXIS)". BMJ Open. 6 (12): e011458. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011458. ISSN 2044-6055. PMC 5168618. PMID 27932337.
  5. "Critical Appraisal Tools - JBI". joannabriggs.org. Retrieved 2020-04-27.
  6. Sterne, Jonathan A. C.; Weeks, Laura; Schulz, Kenneth F.; Savović, Jelena; Oxman, Andrew D.; Moher, David; Jüni, Peter; Gøtzsche, Peter C.; Altman, Douglas G. (2011-10-18). "The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials". BMJ. 343: d5928. doi:10.1136/bmj.d5928. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 3196245. PMID 22008217.
  7. "Critical Appraisal Tools - JBI". joannabriggs.org. Retrieved 2019-02-24.
  8. casp. "CASP Checklists". CASP - Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. Retrieved 2019-02-24.
  9. Baker, Philip R. A.; Francis, Daniel P.; Cathcart, Abby (2017-04-22). "A Mock Randomized Controlled Trial With Audience Response Technology for Teaching and Learning Epidemiology" (PDF). Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health. 29 (3): 229–240. doi:10.1177/1010539517700473. PMID 28434251.
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