Criminal tattoo

Criminal tattoos are a type of tattoos associated with criminals to show gang membership[1][2] and record the wearer's personal history—such as their skills, specialties, accomplishments, incarceration, world view and/or means of personal expression.[3] Tattoos used to be strongly empirically associated with deviance, personality disorders, and criminality.[4][5]

Certain tattoo designs have developed recognized coded meanings.[6] The code systems can be quite complex and because of the nature of what they encode, the designs of criminal tattoos are not widely recognized as such to outsiders.

A Mara Salvatrucha gang member with a tattoo showing his gang membership
A member of the Mexican Mafia has the organization's name tattooed on his abdomen

Tattooing in prison
Further information: Prison tattooing

Since tattooing in prison is illegal in the United States, the inmates do not have the proper equipment necessary for the practice. This forces inmates to find ways to create their own tattooing devices out of their belongings. Improvised tattooing equipment has been assembled from materials such as mechanical pencils, magnets, radio transistors, staples, paper clips or guitar strings.[7]

N. Banerjee wrote in 1992 for The Wall Street Journal about tattoos in Russian prisons:

"...the pain does deter even the most macho convict from covering his body, all at once, with meaningful pictures. Tattoos are created by instilling pigment in the skin with thousands of needle pricks. In the camps, the process can take anywhere from a few hours to a few years, depending on the artist and his ambition, says Mr. Bronnikov. Because of prison conditions, tattoo artists have to improvise with materials and equipment. For instance, they will draw a picture on a wooden plank, place needles along the lines of the design, cover the needles with ink and stamp the whole tableau on the prisoner's body. Another method is to slice the image onto the skin with a razor and daub the cut with indelible ink. Usually, prisoners manage to get an electric shaver and a syringe with a needle, which they jury-rig into a tattooing machine. Ink is hard to come by, so to make dye, artists will often burn the heel of a shoe, and mix the ash with the prisoner's urine -- a practice convicts believe reduces the chance of infection."[8]

Russia and former Soviet republics
Main articles: Russian criminal tattoos, Vory V Zakone, and Russian mafia

Russian criminal tattoos have a complex system of symbols which can give quite detailed information about the wearer. Not only do the symbols carry meaning but the area of the body on which they are placed may be meaningful too. The initiation tattoo of a new gang member is usually placed on the chest and may incorporate a rose. A rose on the chest is also used within the Russian mafia. Wearing false or unearned tattoos is punishable in the criminal underworld, usually by removal of the tattoo, followed by beatings and sometimes rape, or even murder. Tattoos can be removed (voluntarily, in the case of loss of rank, new affiliation, "lifestyle" change, etc.) by bandaging magnesium powder onto the surface of the skin, which dissolves the skin bearing the marks with painful caustic burns. This powder is gained by filing "light alloy" e.g. lawnmower casing and is a jailhouse commodity.

"As Russia's leading expert on tattoo iconography, Mr. Arkady Bronnikov can tell the prisoner's story from looking at the designs on his body. The huge spider in a web that is drawn on his skull reveals, in prison tattoo code, that he is a drug addict. Also, he is a repeat offender: The onion domes of a Russian church fan across his shoulder blades, each of the seven domes representing a different stay in prison. Above the church, across the back of his neck, the convict has stencilled, in Russian, "Not just anyone can hold his head this high."... "The more tattoos a convict gets, the more sentences he has served, the more respect he gets in prison," says the 66-year-old Mr. Bronnikov. "The tattoos show that he isn't afraid of pain." [8]

Tattoos made in a Russian prison often have a distinct bluish color (due to being made with ink from a ballpoint pen) and usually, appear somewhat blurred because of the lack of instruments to draw fine lines. The ink is often created from burning the heel of a shoe and mixing the soot with urine, and injected into the skin utilizing a sharpened guitar string attached to an electric shaver.[9]

"In [Russian] prison, the ink for tattoos was manufactured from molten rubber mixed with water and sugar. Artists used sewing needles sharpened on concrete cell floors. Sometimes, portraits of Stalin and Lenin--with or without horns--were in fashion, sometimes monasteries and medieval knights. Occasionally, caricatures of Communists with pig snouts or correctional officers in wolf guise were the rage. Maps of the gulag system, with Russia, portrayed as a giant prison camp might be etched across someone's back. Crucifixion scenes were popular. Ronald Reagan was even a subject, according to a Russian dictionary of prison slang (Fenya)."[10]

In addition to voluntary tattooing, tattoos are used to stigmatize and punish individuals within the criminal society. These tattoos may be placed on an individual who fails to pay debts in card games, or otherwise breaks the criminal code, and often have very blatant sexual images, embarrassing the wearer. Tattoos on the forehead are sometimes forcibly applied, and designed both to humiliate the bearer and warn others about him or her. They frequently consist of slurs about the bearer's ethnicity, sexual orientation, or perceived cooperation with the prison authorities. They can indicate that the holder is a member of a political group considered offensive by other prisoners (e.g. Vlasovite), or has been convicted of a crime (such as child rape) which is disapproved of by other criminals. They can also advertise that the bearer is "downcast", or of the lowest social caste in prison, usually used for sexual gratification of higher ranked inmates. Voluntary facial tattoos signify that the bearer does not expect to be released back into normal society within his lifetime, and will usually consist of tattoos on the eyelids of messages such as "Don't Wake Me Up." They are managed by inserting a metal spoon under the eyelid, so the tattoo needle does not pierce the eye.

Tattoos that consist of political or anti-authoritarian statements are known as "grins". They are often tattooed on the stomach of a thief in law, as a means of acquiring status in the criminal community. A Russian criminologist, Yuri Dubyagin, has claimed that, during the Soviet era, there existed "secret orders" that an anti-government tattoo must be "destroyed surgically", and that this procedure was usually fatal. Tattoos of the portraits of Soviet leaders like Lenin and Stalin were often applied on the chest due to a belief that firing squads were forbidden to shoot at the leaders' pictures.

Motifs

Common body tattoos and their significance (NOTE: these tattoos are most characteristic of the Old Regime when the Vory V Zakone was more structured in prisons):

  • 243 in a badge: signifies the wearer has committed battery on a police officer. Often worn on the arm or hand used for the assault. Taken from the California penal code.
  • Barbed wire across the forehead signifies a sentence of life imprisonment without a possibility of parole (tattoos on the face usually signifies an expectation that the bearer will never leave prison). Barbed wire on the forearms or around the wrist signifies years served.
  • Bells indicate a sentence served in full.
  • Birds over the horizon: "I was born free and should be free." Bearer longs for a life outside prison.
  • Cat: a career as a thief. A single cat means the bearer worked alone; several cats mean the bearer was part of a gang. The word "cat," in Russian, forms an acronym indicating the wearer's natural home is in prison. Alternately, can signify cleverness.
  • Celtic Cross: Part of the racist white power movement. It has also been used to represent crosshairs of a gun, meaning that a wearer is a hit man and he too will meet a violent end one day.[11]
  • Churches, mosques, fortresses, etc. are often tattooed on the chest, back, or hand. The number of spires or towers can represent the years a prisoner has been incarcerated or a number of times he has been imprisoned. A cross at the top of the spire indicates that the sentence was paid in full. The phrase, "The Church is the House of God," often inscribed beneath a cathedral, has the metaphorical meaning, "Prison is the Home of the Thief."
  • Dots on knuckles: number of years served in prison.
  • Epaulets: Military badge and uniform are worn on the shoulders. This symbolizes criminal accomplishments. When a skull symbol is portrayed with it, it usually designates a man as a murderer. Epaulets are decorated with certain crests and symbols in the sections where one can see the skull there before conviction, especially when it was of any significance.
  • Madonna and baby Jesus indicates that the bearer is 'clean before his friends' in that he will never betray them to authorities. May also symbolize having become a criminal early in life.
  • Mermaid: indicates a conviction of child molestation
  • MIR: The Russian word for "peace," an acronym that indicates "only a firing squad will reform me."
  • Dagger in neck: Signifies that the bearer has killed and is available for hire to kill other prisoners.
  • Executioner: Murderer, or that they follow the Thieves' Code[11]
  • Goat: Informer, an animal without honour. Probably begrudged as a mark of humiliation.
  • Lenin, Karl Marx, and Friedrich Engels: Usually tattooed across the chest or over vital organs. Mostly characteristic of the Old Regime; prisoners would tattoo them because the firing squad could not shoot the images of USSR's founding fathers.
  • Spider or spider web: may symbolize racism or doing time in prison[12]
  • Spider Web: If the spider is in the centre, the bearer is dedicated to a life of crime; if it is climbing out of the web, the bearer is trying to reform himself. A few other versions are that the wearer is a drug addict, like an insect trapped in a spider's web he is trapped in some narcotic web, or that it signifies time in prison as each ring of the spider web represents one year in prison.
  • Teardrop tattoo: A teardrop underneath an eye: the wearer was raped in prison[13][14] and tattooed with a teardrop under the eye by the offending party,[13] this was a way of “marking” an inmate as property or to publicly humiliate the inmate as face tattoos cannot be hidden.
  • Tombstones represent the loss of time. You may see the number of years that are served (i.e. five tombstones reading 2001–2005 means the prisoner has done five years).
  • SS: two sig runes were the symbol of the Schutzstaffel, Nazi insignia and used by the racist white power movement.
  • Stars: Worn on the knees: signifies that the owner 'will kneel before no man'.
  • Stars: Worn on the shoulders: Signifies that the owner is a man of discipline, status, and tradition. Men will also receive stars when promoted to "Captain" in the Vory V Zakone.
  • Swastika: This is seen on Neo-Nazis as it is the symbol of the Nazi party.
  • Cross: A small cross either on the forehead, finger or between the thumb and forefinger is sometimes seen on convicts as a symbol of serving time in prison.

There is another category of tattoos—of rings on the fingers and symbols on the hands—which informs other inmates of the bearer's rank when the bearer is clothed:[15]

  • Five dots: four watchtowers and a convict.
  • Devil's head: 'Grin'. 'I hold a grudge against the authorities'.
  • Single dot: 'I escaped'.
  • SLON: an acronym that spells the Russian word for elephant but which stands for, 'From my early years nothing but misery'.
  • Crosses on knuckles: 'Trips to the zone'. 'I've been in prison three times'.

Japan

During the Edo period of Japan, kyōkaku, urban "chivalrous commoners" or "street knights" typically wore irezumi, prominent full-body tattoos. Kyōkaku operated as cultural outlaw figures and were frequently used as characters in Japanese kabuki performance.[16]

Tattooed Yakuza gangsters

Current yakuza have full-body tattoos, typically inked in secret by tattoo artists associated with clans. Due to a clear association between tattoo artistry and crime, the practice was shortly banned following the Meiji restoration. During the US occupation after WWII, this law was repealed.[16] Modern yakuza tattoos, with common symbols and visual motifs are noted for their similarity to current Western tattoo styles.[17]

Issey Miyake, a Japanese influential fashion director, has taken inspiration from Japanese prison tattoo culture to design wearable fashion similar to irezumi,[16] "creating a jumpsuit with a tattoo motif that looked literally like a wearable second skin...".[18]

Australia
Tattoo marking a deserter from the British Army. Skin removed post-mortem.

Prisoners who were transported from Britain to Australian penal colonies between 1787 and 1867 were sometimes tattooed with marks intended to signify disgrace, for example D for deserter. Prisoners often modified these tattoos to conceal the original design or to express wry or rebellious messages.[19] A common prison tattoo in Australia is 'A.C.A.C.' - the initials to a derogatory phrase regarding cops.

Europe

France

In France, five dots tattoo resembling the dots on a dice, placed on the hand between index finger and thumb are found on prison inmates. This tattoo represents the individual between the four walls of the prison cell (un homme entre quatre murs—a man between four walls); this also has the same meaning in Russia[20] and Spain.

Tattoos of three dots on the hand means "death to cops" (mort aux vaches / flics / poulets / keufs)[21].

A single dot on the cheek usually means the wearer is a pimp (point des maquereaux).

A stick figure holding a trident is also a common French prison tattoo.

Italy

"La Stidda," a Mafia-style criminal organization in Sicily, is known for using star tattoos to identify members.[22]

North America

Common tattoos are names of relatives or gang members, symbols of aggression, tattoos advertising a particular skill, or religious imagery. One of the most well-known criminal tattoos is the teardrop tattoo.[23]

Another common tattoo in American prisons and jails, especially for Hispanic inmates, is four dots or three dots. The dots represent that you have earned your keep in your gang. The three dots would represent the 13 of the southern gangs and the same for the northern gangs with four dots :: for 14.[24]

Tattoos for prostitutes

Forced and enslaved prostitutes are often tattooed or branded with a mark of her owners. Women and girls being forced into prostitution against their will may have their boss' name or gang symbol inked or branded with a hot iron on their skin. In some organizations involved with the trafficking of women and girls, like the mafias, nearly all prostitutes are marked. Some pimps and organizations use their name or well-known logo, while others use secret signs.[25] Some years ago the branding mark was usually small, only recognized by other pimps, and sometimes hidden between the labia minora, but today some "owners" write their names in big letters all upon the body of the victim.[26]

gollark: Use vimcube.
gollark: Some osmarks.net algorithms run in O(TREE(n)) time, so we have to be careful to only feed them two (2) at once.
gollark: Not tetrational time? Weak.
gollark: Hmm. I'm unsure of how to do the highlighting search terms in a document thing even if the full text is stored.
gollark: And it has a fuzzy matcher module which could be connected to the search bit if you had a custom tokeniser.

See also

References

Citations
  1. Watkins, Derrick. (2007). Gang investigations : a street cop's guide. Ashby, Richard., American Society of Law Enforcement Trainers. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 0-7637-3391-1. OCLC 62593583.
  2. Introduction to criminal investigation. Birzer, Michael L., 1960-, Roberson, Cliff, 1937-. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 2012. ISBN 978-1-4398-3934-8. OCLC 747385725.CS1 maint: others (link)
  3. Introduction to criminal investigation. Birzer, Michael L., 1960-, Roberson, Cliff, 1937-. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 2012. ISBN 978-1-4398-3934-8. OCLC 747385725.CS1 maint: others (link)
  4. Wesley G. Jennings; Bryanna Hahn Fox; David P. Farrington (January 14, 2014), "Inked into Crime? An Examination of the Causal Relationship between Tattoos and Life-Course Offending among Males from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development", Journal of Criminal Justice, 42 (1, January–February 2014): 77–84, doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2013.12.006
  5. Joshua Adams (2012), "The Relationship between Tattooing and Deviance in Contemporary Society", Deviance Today, pp. 137–145
  6. "Prison Tattoos and Their Meanings". tattoo-designs.dk. 2010 [2004]. Archived from the original on October 30, 2013.
  7. "Prison Tattoos". Convictedartist.com. Retrieved 2012-08-04.
  8. Banerjee, N. (1992, Jul 29). Russian convicts use body language of their very own --- prison tattoos spell out lives of crime and establish the hierarchy of inmates. Wall Street Journal.
  9. "Russian prison tattoos". Foreigner prisoner support service.
  10. Williams, D. (2000, May 29). Russia journal; prison gave an artist career in the skin trade. The Washington Post.
  11. The Mark of Cain (2000), film on Russian criminal tattoos; DVD, ASIN B0011UBDV8
  12. Spider Web Tattoos - What Do They Mean? Archived 2010-03-01 at the Wayback Machine
  13. "Four Days in the Oaxaca State Prison : Mexico Living". mexconnect.com. Retrieved 3 November 2016. the victim of rape is tattooed with a teardrop below the eye by the offending party
  14. "Teardrop Tattoo Meaning: Tattoos With Meaning". tattooswithmeaning.com. a way of “marking” an inmate as property of another person or for humiliation; a face tattoo cannot be covered up or hidden.
  15. [Baldaev, D. S., and Sergei Vasiliev. Russian Criminal Tattoo Encyclopaedia. Vol. 1. London: Fuel, 2009. Print.]
  16. ""Irezumi": The Japanese Tattoo Unveiled". nippon.com. 2017-01-30. Retrieved 2019-07-10.
  17. Boyd, Oscar (2018-09-15). "'Yakuza Tattoo': Inside the secretive world of the yakuza's tattoos". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2019-07-10.
  18. "MIYAKE ISSEY EXHIBITION: The Work of Miyake Issey". The National Art Center, Tokyo (in Japanese). Retrieved 2019-07-10.
  19. Niyi Awofeso (June 2004). "Prison argot and penal discipline". Journal of Mundane Behavior. 5 (1). Archived from the original on June 1, 2005.
  20. Baldayev, Danzig (2006), Russian criminal tattoo encyclopedia, Volume 3, FUEL Publishing, p. 214.
  21. Tung, Angela. "The Hidden Meanings Behind 11 Prison Tattoos". Mental Floss.
  22. Hodapp, Christopher (2008). Conspiracy Theories and Secret Societies For Dummies. Wiley Publishing. p. 292. ISBN 978-0-470-18408-0.
  23. MacDonald, John Marshall (1987). The confession: interrogation and criminal profiles for police officers. Apache Press. p. 83. ISBN 9780961823009.
  24. Goslin, Charles (2017). Understanding Personal Security and Risk: A Guide for Business Travelers. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-3153-5035-6.
  25. CNN: Old mark of slavery is being used on sex trafficking victims
  26. Irish Mirror: Pictured: Trafficked prostitutes BRANDED by pimps to show they ‘own’ them

Other sources
  • Russian Criminal Tattoo Encyclopedia Volume I Danzig Baldaev, ISBN 3-88243-920-3
  • Russian Criminal Tattoo Encyclopedia Volume II Danzig Baldaev, ISBN 978-0-9550061-2-8
  • Russian Criminal Tattoo Encyclopedia Volume III Danzig Baldaev, ISBN 978-0-9550061-9-7
  • Russian Prison Tattoos: Codes of Authority, Domination and Struggle Alix Lambert, ISBN 0-7643-1764-4

Further reading
  • By, N. B. (1992, Jul 29). Russian convicts use body language of their very own --- prison tattoos spell out lives of crime and establish the hierarchy of inmates. Wall Street Journal.
  • Glover, S. (1997, Oct 18). A marked man from tattoo to taps; violence: Out of jail and 35, Robert Torres was ready for a fresh start, but a gang insignia betrayed him. Los Angeles Times.
  • Lina Goldberg, Gang Tattoos: Signs of Belonging and the Transience of Signs
  • Hiatt, F. (1993, Aug 23). Gulag no longer, but still the lower depths; for many of the 1 million Russian prisoners, life inside is `Equal to torture'. The Washington Post (Pre-1997 Fulltext).
  • Top tattoos,
  • Williams, D. (2000, May 29). Russia journal; prison gave an artist career in the skin trade. The Washington Post.
  • Wahlstedt, E. (2010). "Tattoos and criminality: a study on the origins and uses of tattoos in criminal subcultures"
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