Corporation sole

A corporation sole is a legal entity consisting of a single ("sole") incorporated office, occupied by a single ("sole") natural person.[1] This structure allows corporations (often religious corporations or Commonwealth governments) to pass without interruption from one officeholder to the next, giving positions legal continuity with subsequent officeholders having identical powers and possessions to their predecessors. A corporation sole is one of two types of corporation, the other being a corporation aggregate.[2]

Ecclesiastical origins

Most corporations sole are church related (for example, the Archbishopric of Canterbury),[3] although some political offices of the United Kingdom (e.g., many of the Secretaries of State), Canada, and the United States are corporations sole.[4]

The concept of corporation sole originated as a means for orderly transfer of ecclesiastical property, serving to keep the title within the denomination or religious society. In order to keep the religious property from being treated as the estate of the vicar of the church, the property was titled to the office of the corporation sole. In the case of the Roman Catholic Church, ecclesiastical property is usually titled to the diocesan bishop, who serves in the office of the corporation sole.

The Roman Catholic Church continues to use corporations sole in holding titles of property: as recently as 2002, it split a diocese in the US state of California into many smaller corporations sole and with each parish priest becoming his own corporation sole, thus limiting the diocese's liability for any sexual abuse or other wrongful activity in which the priest might engage. This is, however, not the case everywhere, and legal application varies. For instance, other U.S. jurisdictions have used corporations at multiple levels.[5][6] In the jurisdictions of England and Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and the Republic of Ireland, a Roman Catholic bishop is not a corporation sole, and real property is held by way of land trusts, a tradition dating back to the suppression of Roman Catholicism by Henry VIII during the English Reformation and the Penal Laws of Ireland.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints uses the corporation sole form for its president, which is legally listed as "The Corporation of the President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints".[7]

Iglesia ni Cristo was registered as corporation sole with the Insular Government of the Philippines in 1914 and with the People's Republic of China in 2014.

The corporation sole form can serve the needs of a religious organization by reducing its complexity to that of a single office and its holder, thereby eliminating the need for by-laws and a board of directors.

The Crown
Main article: The Crown

Within most constitutional monarchies, notably the Commonwealth realms, the Crown is a nonstatutory corporation sole.[8][9][10][11] Although conceptually speaking, the office and officeholder retain dual capacities in that they may act both in a corporate capacity (as monarch) and in an individual capacity (as a private person), they are inseparably fused in law; there is no legal distinction between the office and the individual person who holds it.[12] The Crown (state) legally acts as a person when it enters into contracts and possesses property.[13] As a person, the monarch (officeholder) may hold properties privately, distinct from property he or she possesses corporately, and may act as monarch separate from their personal acts. For example, Elizabeth II as a natural person holds several separate offices, such as Queen of the United Kingdom, Queen of Canada, Queen of Australia, and Supreme Governor of the Church of England, all of which are distinct corporations sole, even as she acts as a natural person in her private capacities separate and apart from her role filling these various offices (corporations). Likewise, the office of prime minister has use of certain properties and privileges, such as an official residence and decision-making powers, that remain with the office once the officeholder leaves, even as the officeholder may own property in a private capacity.

The sovereign's status as a corporation sole ensures that all references to the Queen, the King, Her Majesty, His Majesty, and the Crown are synonymous, referring to exactly the same legal personality over time.[14][15] While natural persons who serve as sovereign pass on, the sovereign never legally dies;[16] thus the corporate nature of the office of sovereign ensures that the authority of the state continues uninterrupted.[17] In other words, the sovereign is made a corporation sole to prevent the possibility of disruption or interregnum, thereby preserving the stability of the Crown (state). For this reason, at the moment of the demise of the sovereign, a successor is immediately and automatically in place.[9][18]

As a corporation sole, the legal person of the sovereign is the personification of the state and consequently acts as guarantor of the rule of law and the fount of all executive authority behind the state's institutions.[19] As certain countries have federal systems of government, the sovereign in these cases also possesses capacities as distinct corporation sole in right of each of the Australian states and Canadian provinces; for example, as Her Majesty the Queen of Australia in Right of Queensland and Her Majesty the Queen of Canada in Right of Alberta.

Secular application in the United States

Every state of the United States recognizes corporations sole under common law, and about a third of the states have specific statutes that stipulate the conditions under which that state recognizes the corporations sole that are filed with that state for acquiring, holding, and disposing of title for church and religious society property.[20][21] Almost any religious society or church can qualify for filing as a corporation sole in these states. There can be no legal limitation to specific denominations, therefore a Buddhist temple or Jewish Community Center would qualify as quickly as a Christian church. Some states also recognize corporations sole for various other non-profit purposes including performing arts groups, scientific research groups, educational institutions, and cemetery societies.

Examples of corporations sole in the United Kingdom

In the Church of England

Examples of corporations sole elsewhere
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gollark: I am *technically* still a Blattidus adopter.
gollark: Hello.
gollark: (maybe not in HTTP/2 mode, or something)
gollark: It *does* pass on the status text!

See also

References
  1. Technical Manual, Insolvencydirect.bis.gov.uk
  2. Practice Guide 08, Land Registry
  3. Terms and Conditions of churchofengland.org
  4. "Draft Cabinet Manual (para 102)" (PDF). Cabinet Office. December 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2010.
  5. Allen, Robert (14 December 2018). "Detroit Archdiocese transfers assets; critics say it's a shell game". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  6. Long-Garcia, J.D. (27 March 2008). "Phoenix parishes to be separate corporations". Catholic Online. Archived from the original on 13 January 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  7. Legal Names of Separately Incorporated Charities Affiliated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter‐day Saints
  8. Philippe Lagassé and James Bowden (2014). "Royal Succession and the Canadian Crown as a Corporation Sole: A Critique of Canada's Succession to the Throne Act, 2013". Constitutional Forum. 23 (1).
  9. Blackstone, p. 469
  10. Colin Turpin and Adam Tomkins (2007). British Government and the Constitution: Text and Materials. Cambridge University Press. p. 348. ISBN 9781139465366.
  11. Lagassé, Philippe (3 February 2013). "The Queen of Canada is dead; long live the British Queen". Maclean's Magazine. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  12. Lagasse, p. 18
  13. Sir William Blackstone (1809). Commentaries on the Laws of England: In Four Books, Volume 1. London: A. Strahan. pp. 474–475.
  14. Lordon, Paul (1991). Crown Law. London: Butterworths. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-0409893861.
  15. Interpretation Act, R.S.C. 1985, c I-21, as it appeared on 2020‑03‑05, § 35.
  16. Crown and Crown Proceedings. Halsbury's Laws of England. 29 (Fifth ed.). 2014. pp. 8–9.
  17. Lagasse, pp. 18–19
  18. Interpretation Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. I-21, as it appeared on 2020‑03‑05, § 46.
  19. McAteer et al. v. Attorney General of Canada, 2013 ONSC 5895 (CanLII), Morgan J.
  20. O'Hara, James B. "The Modern Corporation Sole (from 93 DICKINSON LAW REVIEW, FALL 1988)". Retrieved 13 January 2019. of the states, with explicit statutory provisions for corporations sole in about a third
  21. O'Hara, James B. (1988). "The Modern Corporation Sole". Dickinson Law Review. 93: 23ff. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  22. s4 Government of Wales Act 2006
  23. Schedule 4 of the Apprenticeships, Skills, Children and Learning Act 2009
  24. https://www.education.gov.uk/publications/eOrderingDownload/Cm-7981.pdf
  25. http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/14/schedule/2/paragraph/1#text%3D%22corporation%20sole%22
  26. Schedule 1 Commissioner for Older People Act (Northern Ireland) 2011
  27. s2 Parliamentary Corporate Bodies Act 1992
  28. s1 Parliamentary Corporate Bodies Act 1992
  29. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-10. Retrieved 2012-06-16.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  30. OG38 A1 – WHAT IS A CORPORATION? Archived 2012-08-23 at the Wayback Machine, Charity Commission
  31. Corporate Governance
  32. Public Trustee, Ministry of Justice
  33. http://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/pubs-code-adjudicator
  34. s1 Metropolitan Police (Receiver) Act 1861
  35. s3 Duchy of Lancaster Act 1920
  36. s1 Treasury Solicitor Act 1876
  37. https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debate/?id=2006-10-17b.813.6
  38. s16 Parsonages Act 1838
  39. Bishop of the Roman Catholic Church in Hong Kong Incorporation Ordinance (Cap. 1003)
  40. Incorporated by the Dawat-e-Hadiyah (England) Act 1993 (c. x)
  41. "ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION ACT 1999 - SECT 514A Continuation". Australian government. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
  42. Governor General’s Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. G-9, § 2.
  43. https://www.privacy.org.nz/news-and-publications/statements-media-releases/2014-annual-report/
  44. "Part 4: Client Service Performance of the Māori Trustee". Office of the Auditor-General New Zealand. Retrieved 2019-09-10.
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