Corn bunting

The corn bunting (Emberiza calandra) is a passerine bird in the bunting family Emberizidae, a group now separated by most modern authors from the finches, Fringillidae. This is a large bunting with heavily steaked buff-brown plumage. The sexes are similar but the male is slightly larger than the female. Its range extends from Western Europe and North Africa across to northwestern China.

Corn bunting
In Adana, Turkey
Male singing in Dorset, England

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Emberizidae
Genus: Emberiza
Species:
E. calandra
Binomial name
Emberiza calandra
Linnaeus, 1758
Range of E. calandra     Breeding      Resident      Non-breeding
Synonyms
  • Emberiza miliaria Linnaeus, 1766
  • Miliaria calandra (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Miliaria europaea Swainson, 1837
  • Miliaria minor (Radde, 1884)
  • Crithagra miliaria (Linnaeus, 1766)

Taxonomy

The corn bunting was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae and retains its original binomial name of Emberiza calandra.[2] The type locality is Sweden.[3] The genus name Emberiza is from Old German Embritz, a bunting. The specific calandra is from Ancient Greek kalandros, the calandra lark.[4] The corn bunting has sometimes been placed in its own monotypic genus Miliaria.[5][6]

Two subspecies are recognised:[7]

  • E. c. calandra Linnaeus, 1758 – northwest Africa, Canary Islands and Europe to Turkey, the Caucasus and north Iran
  • E. c. buturlini Johansen, HE, 1907 – Middle East to northwest China

Description
In Turkey

This is an unusual bunting because the plumages of the sexes are similar in appearance, though the male is approximately 20% larger than the female. This large bulky bunting is 16–19 cm long, with a conspicuously dark eye and yellowish mandibles. Males lack any showy colours, especially on the head, which is otherwise typical of genus Emberiza. Both sexes look something like larks, being streaked grey-brown above with whitish underparts. The underparts are streaked over the flanks and breast, and the streaking forms gorget around the throat. The lesser wing coverts are distinctively dark and white-tipped. The tail is plain brown.[8]

The song of the male is a repetitive metallic sound, usually likened to jangling keys, which is given from a low bush, fence post or telephone wires.

Distribution and habitat

It breeds across southern and central Europe, north Africa and Asia across to Kazakhstan. It is mainly resident, but some birds from colder regions of central Europe and Asia migrate southwards in winter.

The corn bunting is a bird of open country with trees, such as farmland and weedy wasteland. It has declined greatly in north-west Europe due to intensive agricultural practices depriving it of its food supply of weed seeds and insects, the latter especially vital when feeding the young. It has recently become extinct in Wales and Ireland, where it was previously common.

Behaviour and ecology

Food and feeding

Its natural food consists mainly of seeds but also includes insects such as crickets, especially when feeding young.

Breeding
Eggs, Muséum de Toulouse

Males defend territories in the breeding season and can be polygynous, with up to three females per breeding male. The population sex ratio is generally 1:1, which means some males remain unmated during a season. Males play only a small role in parental care; they are not involved in nest building or incubation, and only feed the chicks when they are over half grown.

The nest is made of grass, lined with hair or fine grass, and is usually built on the ground. Average clutch size is four, but commonly varies from three to five, occasionally six.

Status and conservation

In England, the government's environmental organisation Natural England offers grants towards implementing measures to conserve this species, under the environmental stewardship scheme.[9]

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References
  1. BirdLife International (2018). "Corn Bunting Emberiza calandra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  2. Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Volume 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 176-177.
  3. Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1970). Check-List of Birds of the World. Volume 13. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 6.
  4. Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. pp. 84, 145. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  5. Cramp & Perrins 1994, p. 323.
  6. Lepage, Denis. "Corn bunting". Avibase - The World Bird Database. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  7. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2020). "Sylviid babblers, parrotbills, white-eyes". IOC World Bird List Version 10.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Archived from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  8. "Corn Bunting Emberiza calandra". Bird Field Guide. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
  9. Natural England Environmental Stewardship Scheme webpages

Sources
  • Cramp, Stanley; Perrins, C.M., eds. (1994). "Miliaria calandra Corn Bunting". Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Volume IX: Buntings and New World Warblers. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 323–338. ISBN 978-0-19-854843-0.
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