Contrafact

A contrafact is a musical work based on a prior work. The term comes from classical music and has only since the 1970s been applied to jazz (apparently first by Patrick in 1975--see Further Reading below), where it is still not standard. In classical music, contrafacts have been used as early as the parody mass and In Nomine of the 16th century. More recently, Cheap Imitation (1969) by John Cage was produced by systematically changing notes from the melody line of Socrate by Erik Satie using chance procedures.

Not to be confused with Contrafactum.
"Borrowed chord progression" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Borrowed chord.

In jazz, a contrafact is a musical composition consisting of a new melody overlaid on a familiar harmonic structure.[1] Contrafact can also be explained as the use of borrowed chord progressions.[2]

As a compositional device, it was of particular importance in the 1940s development of bop, since it allowed jazz musicians to create new pieces for performance and recording on which they could immediately improvise, without having to seek permission or pay publisher fees for copyrighted materials (while melodies can be copyrighted, the underlying harmonic structure cannot be).

Contrafacts are not to be confused with musical quotations, which comprise borrowing rhythms or melodic figures from an existing composition.

In spite of its usefulness, the term "contrafact" has not won wide acceptance in Western classical theory.

Examples

Well-known examples of contrafacts include the Charlie Parker/Miles Davis bop tune "Donna Lee," which uses the chord changes of the standard "Back Home Again in Indiana"[3] or Thelonious Monk's jazz standard[4] "Evidence", which borrows the chord progression from Jesse Greer and Raymond Klages's song "Just You, Just Me" (1929).[5] Examples from the classical oeuvre include Sinfonia by Luciano Berio using samples from Mahler, George Crumb borrowing Chopin's nocturnes, or Matt A. Mason's "Heiligenstadt Echo" which takes from Beethoven's Sonata in Ab major, op. 110. The Gershwin tune "I Got Rhythm" has proved especially amenable to contrafactual recomposition: the popularity of its "rhythm changes" is second only to that of the 12-bar blues as a basic harmonic structure used by jazz composers.

gollark: No, Richard, it's 'Linux', not 'GNU/Linux'. The most important contributions that the FSF made to Linux were the creation of the GPL and the GCC compiler. Those are fine and inspired products. GCC is a monumental achievement and has earned you, RMS, and the Free Software Foundation countless kudos and much appreciation.Following are some reasons for you to mull over, including some already answered in your FAQ.One guy, Linus Torvalds, used GCC to make his operating system (yes, Linux is an OS -- more on this later). He named it 'Linux' with a little help from his friends. Why doesn't he call it GNU/Linux? Because he wrote it, with more help from his friends, not you. You named your stuff, I named my stuff -- including the software I wrote using GCC -- and Linus named his stuff. The proper name is Linux because Linus Torvalds says so. Linus has spoken. Accept his authority. To do otherwise is to become a nag. You don't want to be known as a nag, do you?(An operating system) != (a distribution). Linux is an operating system. By my definition, an operating system is that software which provides and limits access to hardware resources on a computer. That definition applies whereever you see Linux in use. However, Linux is usually distributed with a collection of utilities and applications to make it easily configurable as a desktop system, a server, a development box, or a graphics workstation, or whatever the user needs. In such a configuration, we have a Linux (based) distribution. Therein lies your strongest argument for the unwieldy title 'GNU/Linux' (when said bundled software is largely from the FSF). Go bug the distribution makers on that one. Take your beef to Red Hat, Mandrake, and Slackware. At least there you have an argument. Linux alone is an operating system that can be used in various applications without any GNU software whatsoever. Embedded applications come to mind as an obvious example.
gollark: Oh, wait, better idea.
gollark: Hey, I *said* (GNU[+/])Linux, isn't that good enough for you, Stallman?!
gollark: Yep!
gollark: Also, though this is more personal preference, (GNU[+/])Linux (distributions) has (have):- a package manager useful for general use (the windows store is not really this)- a usable shell (yes, I'm aware you can use WSL, but it's not very integrated with everything else)- lower resource use- a nicer UI (well, the option for one; AFAIK Windows does not allow as much customization)

See also

Sources
  1. Kernfeld, Barry, ed. (2002), "Contrafact", The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz;, 1 (2nd ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  2. "The Uses of Existing Music: Musical Borrowing as a Field". J. Peter Burkholder. Notes, Second Series, Vol. 50, No. 3 (Mar., 1994), pp. 851-870. Published by: Music Library Association.
  3. Rosenthal, David, H. Hard Bop: Jazz and Black Music 1955-1965. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505869-0.
  4. Yanow, Scott (2008). "Thelonious Monk" biography, AllMusic.
  5. Williams, Martin (1 January 1992). "What Kind of Composer Was Thelonious Monk?". The Musical Quarterly. 76 (3): 433–441. doi:10.1093/mq/76.3.433.

Further reading
  • Patrick, James S. (1975). "Charlie Parker and the Harmonic Sources of Bebop Composition: Thoughts on the Repertory of New Jazz in the 1940s". Journal of Jazz Studies. 2: 3–23.
  • Baker, David (1988). "The Contrafact". How to Play Bebop. 3. Alfred Music Publishing. pp. 1–4. ISBN 978-0-7390-2182-8.
  1. Jazz Resource Library | Glossary at Jazz in America
  2. Helzer, Richard A. (2004). "Cultivating the Art of Jazz Composition" at the Wayback Machine (archived September 28, 2007), iaje.com.
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