Continental-Kunstfilm

Continental-Kunstfilm GmbH (Continental Art Film) was a short-lived German film production company based in Berlin, formed in February 1912 by Walter Schmidthässler and Max Rittberger.[1] A large number of Continental-Kunstfilm's productions are now probably lost, although some significant films have survived into the 21st century.

Not to be confused with Continental Films.
123 Chauseestraße, Berlin, Continental-Kunstfilm's first studio[n 1]

Continental began by releasing a mix of documentaries and comedies, together with serious melodramas by directors such as Max Mack. The company produced the first feature film about the sinking of the RMS Titanic, (In Nacht und Eis) in August 1912. Joe May and Ernst Reicher early in their careers made a number of 'Stuart Webbs' detective films there; Otto Rippert and Harry Piel also directed films at Continental; and Gerhard Dammann wrote and directed numerous comedy shorts starring his 'Bumke' character in 1913.

Studios
Main article: Weissensee Studios

Continental built a new glasshouse film studio in 1914 in the Berlin suburb of Weissensee; but when the German government consolidated a number of film companies to form Ufa (Universum-Film AG) during World War I, Continental was not included. The studio's film production dropped considerably after around 1915. The Weissensee Studios was acquired by Film-Atelier GmbH (FAG) in 1919, and was subsequently leased out to other production companies, including Decla-Bioscop who made The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari there in the winter of 1920-21.

History

123 Chausseestraße

Walter Schmidthässler (also Schmidt-Häßler) was an actor who had worked with the Meiningen Ensemble at the Meiningen Court Theatre before turning author and film scriptwriter. He joined Jules Greenbaum's Deutsche Vitascope production company in 1910 as director and lead actor.[2]

He formed Schmidthassler-Film GmbH in 1911, which became Continental-Kunstfilm the following year. Schmidthässler and Max Rittberger, an engineer and businessman, signed their partnership agreement on 5 February 1912, with a share capital of 150,000 marks.[3] On 12 February 1912 Continental-Kunstfilm moved into the old Deutsche Vitascope studio at 123 Chausseestraße, vacated when Greenbaum moved all his Vitascope production facilities to 32-34 Lindenstraße.[4] The building (fronted in red sandstone) in Chauseestraße was built in the colorful and decorative Jugendstil style. Continental's main offices were located at 235 Friedrichstraße, Berlin.

However, Schmidthässler left Continental after only a few months in April 1912 and returned to Deutsche Vitascope (the previous tenant of the building), going on to direct over 100 films.[1]

Memorial tablet to Heinrich Lautensack at his birthplace in Vilshofen an der Donau

Heinrich Lautensack (who had also previously worked for Deutsche Vitascope) was engaged as script writer and head of advertising. He wrote the screenplays for at least five Continental films, mostly psychological melodramas:[5] Zwischen Himmel und Erde; Die Macht der Jugend; Zweimal gelebt (extant);[6] Der Mann in der Flasche; Das ist der Krieg; and Entsagungen.

Several of Continental's early releases were directed by Max Mack, another ex-Vitascope director who had previously made his mark with one of the first autorenfilms, Der Andere with Albert Bassermann:[7] at Continental, Mack directed Lebensbilder; Die lieben Freunde; Die gelbe Rasse (The Yellow Peril); Blinde Liebe; Die Hochzeitsfackel, and Zweimal gelebt.

Poster for In Nacht und Eis, directed by Mime Misu

The Romanian-born mime artist and ballet-dancer Mime Misu (Mișu Rosescu) made three films for Continental in 1912:

  • Das Gespenst von Clyde (The Ghost of Clyde)[8]
  • In Nacht und Eis, the first full-length film about the sinking of the RMS Titanic which sank on 15 April that year. The film was made between May and June 1912. Max Rittberger, (the firm's co-founder) was an engineer by trade, and made the 8 metre-long floating model for the Titanic film (according to the cameraman Emil Schünemann, who also worked on Misu's next film.[9][10]
  • Mirakel, a film of a religious mystery play set in medieval times, which was completed by October 1912. The play, The Miracle by Karl Vollmoeller, had been staged with huge public success in London by Max Reinhardt in early in 1912. Continental did not own the legitimate film rights to the production, which were acquired by an American self-made businessman living in London, Joseph Menchen. His full-colour The Miracle (1912 film) was released in December 1912, and Menchen and the film's US distributor Al Woods successfully sought court injunctions to stop Continental's distributors from showing Mirakel as The Miracle, as if it were the 'genuine' film of the Reinhardt Olympia production. As a result, Continental's Mirakel confusingly acquired at least six titles. See also The Miracle (1912 film)#Litigation.

Otto Rippert, who had acted in In Nacht und Eis, turned to directing in 1912 and made around ten films with Continental between November that year and August 1913. Rippert later directed Homunculus, an early science fiction film. Before Harry Piel turned to acting he directed a handful of films for Continental in 1912-1913.

The popular 'Bumke' short comedies written, starring and directed by Gerhard Dammann as the eponymous hero appeared throughout 1913, sometimes at the rate of one a week.[11] At the end of 1913 Dammann left Continental, continuing his film career (possibly for contractual reasons) with the 'Luny' character: and Max Rittberger (the co-founder) left the business in early 1914.[12] In April 1914 he was replaced by Christoph Mülleneisen Junior as a new director of Continental for a year. Anton Mülleneisen was the cameraman for Der geheimnisvolle Nachtschatten (1914).

May and Reicher

Joe May made ten films at Continental, the first (In der Tiefe des Schachtes) being released in November 1913. Paul Leni also worked on designing various films with May at Continental, including Ein Ausgestoßener and Das Panzergewölbe.[13]

Ernst Reicher starred in May's second film, Vorglühen des Balkanbrandes (The Balkan Traitors), in early 1914. In the same year Reicher directed two films at Continental, Die Statue and Das Werk. Together they directed and starred in the first three of the 'Stuart Webbs' films, a popular series in which Reicher played a gentleman detective modelled on Sherlock Holmes: Die geheimnisvolle Villa; Der Mann im Keller; and Der Spuk im Haus des Professors.[14]

In an acrimonious and well-publicised split, May and Reicher fell out with their production managers over the 'Stuart Webbs' films, and left Continental together.[15] Having formed their own production company, Stuart Webbs-Film GmbH, they made the next in the detective series, Das Panzergewölbe (The Armoured Vault) in June 1914, using Continental-Kunstfilm's studios for the filming.

Harry Piel in an acting role

9 Franz Josef-Straße

In the summer of 1914 Continental-Kunstfilm built a new studio at 9 Franz Josef-Straße (now Max Liebermannstraße) in Weißensee, a north-eastern suburb of Berlin. It was next door to the double glasshouse studio at no. 5-7, built in 1913 by Vitascope and separated by the narrow site of no. 8.[16]

When the First World War broke out in August 1914, May had to return to his native Vienna to do his military service, and on his return to Berlin he and Reicher split up.[17] Reicher leased the studio from Continental and continued to make the 'Stuart Webbs' films with his Reicher & Reicher company until 1918.

May formed his own company, May-Film GmbH, continuing to make serious films with his wife Mia May, as well as producing the 'Joe Deebs' detective series, in which Harry Piel directed Max Landa and later Harry Liedtke in the title role. The first three Joe Deebs films were premièred at the Union-Theater Lichtspiele, later the Ufa-Pavillon am Nollendorfplatz.

May produced one more film at Continental-Kunstfilm, Der geheimnisvolle Nachtschatten, again directed by Harry Piel. May later rented Jules Greenbaum's Vitascope studios at 5-7 Franz-Josef-Straße, almost next door to Continental.[18]

Albert Paulig made three Albert films in 1915, but Continental-Kunstfilm produced far fewer films after this date. When in 1917 the German government quietly consolidated the larger German film production companies into a single conglomerate, Ufa, Continental-Kunstfilm was not included.

The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari

The studio at No. 9 Franz-Josef-Straße, Weissensee (dating from 1914) was bought after the war in 1919 by Film-Atelier GmbH (FAG). The owner was Frau Cill-Gottscho of Philadelphia, USA, and the directors were Dr. Lucian Gottscho and Chaskel Eisenberg.[16][n 2] The property seems have been leased by Lixie-Film around the same time,[n 3] and hired out to Decla-Bioscop from around October 1919.[16] Decla used the studio during the production of at least three titles: Otto Rippert's historical spectacular 7-reeler Die Pest in Florenz, with a script by Fritz Lang (some interior scenes only); likewise some interiors in Part 2 of Lang's own Die Spinnen; and the whole of Robert Wiene's oppressive horror Das Cabinet des Dr. Caligari, from December 1919 to January 1920.[16] The relatively small size of the studio (approximately 6m x 6m) limited the size of the sets, and some elements had to be cut from the planned script because of the restricted space.[19]

FAG enlarged the studio in c.1920 by building on the vacant site of nos. 10-12, to create 9-12 Franz-Josef Strasse.[16] Lixie-Film-Atelier-Weißensee GmbH bought the studios in 1921, and later joined with a number of other production companies not included in the UFA conglomerate to take over the disused studios of Deutsche Mutoskop- und Biograph GmbH in the Lankwitz district in 1924/25, founding the Muto-Großatelier für Filmherstellung (Muto-Atelier).[16][20]

In 1928 the Weißensee housing association acquired the land for new residential buildings[16] which were still standing as of 2012.

Selected films made by Continental-Kunstfilm
Main article: List of films made by Continental-Kunstfilm
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References
Notes
  1. The inscription ERBAUT MDCCCXCVI (built 1906) appears on the building. Remarkably it survived World War II, and ended up on the East Berlin side of the Berlin Wall not far from the Chausseestraße Berlin border crossing after 1961. Chauseestraße features towards the end of the 2015 film Bridge of Spies, although 123 doesn't appear to be included in the shots. In number 121 next door (destroyed during the war), Karl Liebknecht founded Spartakusbund on 1 January 1916. See 'Spartacus Memorial' in Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein (2002), retrieved 1 April 2015.
  2. Lucian Gottscho is perhaps best known for his bayonet designs, the S14G1 and S14G2 and the S15G, manufactured during World War I and fitted to German rifles like the Gewehr 98 (source: Jackson 2012). His B. Phil. dissertation from the University of Freiburg was entitled Miscellen aus der Theorie der Curven und Flächen zweiter Ordnung unter Anwendung der Methode des Unendlich-Grossen (Miscellanea from second-order curves and surfaces, using the method of infinitesimals), Frankfurt a.M.: R. Baumbach, 1896. His books include Patentpraxis (Patent practice) (1903), and Wortzeichen-Register der Musikinstrumenten-Branche (1907) on musical instrument maker's marks and trademarks. He patented a design for a thermo-electric pile in 1900. Chaksel Eisenberg (his first name is the Yiddish version of Ezekiel) patented two shoe-making machines:
    • US patent, Eisenberg, Chaskel, "Machine for flanging uppers of boots or shoes", issued 1895-10-22
    • US patent 725233, Eisenberg, Chaskel, "Lasting Machine", issued 1903-04-14
  3. FAG is listed in Berlin phonebooks as the owner of the property; Lixie shared the same address. Furthermore, the Lixie-Atelier is apparently only mentioned in Berlin cinema address books.[16]
Citations
  1. Bock & Bergfelder 2009, p. 219.
  2. Hampicke 2015.
  3. Wedel 1992, pp. 84-85.
  4. "Vitascope-Atelier". CineGraph - Lexikon zum deutschsprachigen Film. (in German). Cinegraph.de. 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015. (Online edition of Berg-Ganschow & Jacobsen 1987, pp. 177–202)
  5. Kasten 1996, pp. 214, 218.
  6. Kasten 1996, pp. 213–220.
  7. Bock & Bergfelder 2009, pp. 166-7.
  8. There is an apparent paucity of reliable information about this film.
  9. Wedel 2004, p. 99.
  10. Cast and crew details Archived 2011-02-04 at the Wayback Machine at Cinefest.de, although Misu probably played the part of the radio operator, not Captain Smith.
  11. "A New Film-Personality". Lichtbild-Bühne (in German) (9). 1 March 1913.
  12. Abel 2005, pp. 219–220. Abel says that Joe May also ran Continental, although May and Reicher together published full-page ads in the trade press mentioning "the managers at Continental".
  13. Bock & Bergfelder 2009, p. 281.
  14. Abel 2005, pp. 219–220.
  15. Licht-Bild-Bühne no. 34, 1914, p. 37, quoted in Hesse 1996, pp. 147–8 & p. 307, n30.
  16. "Lixie-Atelier". CineGraph - Lexikon zum deutschsprachigen Film (in German). Cinegraph.de. Retrieved 28 November 2017. (Online edition of Berg-Ganschow & Jacobsen 1987, pp. 177–202)
  17. Hesse 1996, pp. 147–8.
  18. "May-Atelier". CineGraph - Lexikon zum deutschsprachigen Film (in German). Cinegraph.de. 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015. (Online edition of Berg-Ganschow & Jacobsen 1987, pp. 177–202)
  19. Robinson 1997, pp. 25, 28. Robinson seems to be briefly in error about the builder of the studio at 9 Franz Josef-Straße: it was almost certainly not Vitascope, who built the studio next door at No. 5-7, and which was later leased to Joe May.[18]
  20. "Bioscope-Atelier". CineGraph - Lexikon zum deutschsprachigen Film (in German). Cinegraph.de. 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015. (Online edition of Berg-Ganschow & Jacobsen 1987, pp. 177–202)
Sources
  • Abel, Richard, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of Early Cinema. Taylor & Francis (e-book). ISBN 9780415234405.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Berg-Ganschow, Uta; Jacobsen, Wolfgang, eds. (1987). ...Film...Stadt...Kino...Berlin... (in German). Argon (S. Fischer Verlag). ISBN 978-3870241056.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Bock, Hans-Michael; Bergfelder, Tim, eds. (2009). The Concise CineGraph: Encyclopaedia of German Cinema. Berghahn Books. ISBN 9781571816559.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hampicke, Evelyn (2015). "Jules Greenbaum". CineGraph - Lexikon zum deutschsprachigen Film. (in German). Cinegraph.de. Retrieved 30 July 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hesse, Sebastian (1996). "Ernst Reicher alias Stuart Webbs: king of the German film detectives". In Elsaesser, Thomas (ed.). A Second Life: German Cinema's First Decades. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9789053561720.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Jackson, Ian (2012). Imperial German Bayonets: Seitengewehr 1914 models. Dunedin, NZ: Stoneleigh Press. ISBN 978-0-473-20561-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Kasten, Jürgen (1996). "From Peripetia to plot point: Lautensack and 'Zweimal Gelebt' (1912)". In Elsaesser, Thomas; Wedel, Michael (eds.). A Second Life: German Cinema's First Decades. Film culture in transition. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9789053561720.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Robinson, David (1997). Das Cabinet Des Dr. Caligari. London: British Film Institute. ISBN 0851706452.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • 'The Stage' Year Book. 1913. pp. 293–294.
  • Wedel, Michael (1992). "Misus Mirakel". KINtop (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Stroemfeld Verlag. 10. ISBN 3-87877-781-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Wedel, Michael (2004). "Mime Misu's Titanic - In Night and Ice (1912)". In Bergfelder, Tim; Street, Sarah (eds.). The Titanic in Myth and Memory: Representations in Visual and Literary Culture. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781850434320.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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