Consecration crosses

Consecration crosses are crosses on the interior walls and exterior architecture of a Christian church or cathedral showing where the bishop has anointed the church with chrism or holy water in order to consecrate it. There is often a place for a candle in front of each cross which is lit on the anniversary of the consecration. The crosses signify the sanctity of the church. The 13th-century Trinity Chapel in Salisbury Cathedral contains a painted consecration cross dating from 30 September 1225.[1][2]

Consecration cross
Consecration cross in the Church of Saint-Vaast, Villac, Dordogne, France

History
Cross in Metnitz, Austria

Before the time of the reign of Constantine between 306 and 337, the consecration of buildings to facilitate mass had to be private for fear of persecution, so physical consecration marks are unlikely to remain. There are various opinions as to the beginning of formal and public consecration of buildings. One version says that from Constantine's reign onward, a consecration was a public celebration to be commemorated in the following years, so that visual symbols of this event, such as writing the Greek and Roman alphabets on the church floor, became possible.[3] Another version credits Theodosius I with starting the tradition between 379 and 395 by purifying pagan temples during the transition of the Roman Empire to Christianity.[4]

Symbolism

Consecration "imprints an indelible mark (St Thomas, II-II:34:3) on the building by reason of which it may never be transferred to common or profane uses." The physical mark of the consecration cross on the wall of a church signifies this.[3][5]

Material and form
Cross in St Mary, Charlton-on-Otmoor

In the medieval tradition, the twelve interior crosses may be painted on plaster, or manufactured in an indestructible material and affixed to stone walls. The crosses tend to be placed high on the walls and to have a candle sconce fixed beneath. The twelve exterior crosses could be painted, engraved, carved or made of a different material and affixed.[3][5]

The most common and ancient form of four curved arms of equal length within a circle could easily be constructed by a stonemason using a compass. This shape is also called a rounded cross.[4][6] Its shape is not unlike the Bolnisi cross, cross pattée, iron cross and Canterbury cross. However the consecration cross exists in other traditional forms, such as the sun cross.[4]

Number and location

Typically, there might be twelve painted crosses high on plaster walls within a church, and others engraved outside on door frames, pillars or corners. However this depends on the era, the form of Christianity, the ritual used, and the form of the building. Since the bishop sprinkles the altar and floor with holy water crosses also, it is not impossible that permanent commemorative marks may be placed there.[3][6][7] Some churches are very old and much changed, so in cases of good preservation one might find twelve crosses inside the earliest complete stone building, or a second set of twelve in a very large and reconsecrated rebuild where the new walls outsized the old.

Churches with consecration crosses
Cross with candle sconce in Coimbra Cathedral, Portugal

Finland

The Sastamala Church in Karkku, has the restored remains of a limestone cross hanging on the wall. The Naantali church in Southwest Finland has eight painted crosses.

United Kingdom

As of 1912 Salisbury Cathedral had at least eight external crosses: three plain ones on the north wall, three on the east wall and two embossed ones on the south wall. The sacristy on the south wall and the statuary on the west frontage probably concealed the remaining four crosses. The extant crosses were carved into the stone buttresses. There were interior painted crosses corresponding to the positions of the exterior crosses.[4][8] One of those Salisbury interior crosses commemorates the dedication of the Trinity Chapel on 30 September 1225.[1][2] The ruined Elgin Cathedral and the Church of the Holy Rude in Stirling have crosses.[9] St Mary's church at Ottery St Mary has various well-preserved crosses.[10] The Sacred Heart church at Bushey was consecrated in 1977 by Cardinal Hume, and contains twelve commemorative crosses which were donated by the local social club.[11] The church of St Peter and St Paul at Ampton contains a painted cross.[12] St Mary's Church, Shipton Solars has medieval red-lead-painted crosses in the chancel and nave.[13] Interior crosses can be seen at All Saints church at Kenton, St Mary at Thornham Parva and St Peter at Great Livermere. St Peter's church at Creeting St Peter has exterior crosses.[6][14][15][16][17] There is one Consecration Cross in the Nave of Dunfermline Abbey.

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References
  1. Salisbury Project: text and essays on the cathedral. Essay on the Trinity Chapel, including date of consecration
  2. Salisbury Project: texts and essays on the cathedral. Conservation. Original consecration cross in Trinity Chapel
  3. New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia: Consecration Retrieved 8 January 2014
  4. Seiyaku: Consecration cross Retrieved 8 January 2014
  5. Oxford Reference: consecration cross Retrieved 8 January 2014
  6. Suffolk churches: short list of churches with consecration crosses
  7. ewtn.com: a Zenit daily dispatch, 2008 Retrieved 8 January 2014
  8. The Tablet, 1912: consecration crosses Retrieved 8 January 2014
  9. Holyrude: image of consecration cross Retrieved 8 January 2014
  10. Online book: The Collegiate Church of Ottery St. Mary : being the Ordinacio et Statuta, Ecclesie Sancte Marie de Otery, Exon. Diocesis A.D. 1338, 1339, ed. by John Neale Dalton in 1917, from the Exeter Chapter MS. 3521, and the Winchester Cartulary vol. 1. part ii.ff.98-114, with plans, photographs, introduction and notes (Cambridge University Press, 1917). page 21
  11. Sacred Heart of Jesus and St John The Evangelist Catholic Church: consecration at last Retrieved 8 January 2014
  12. Flickr image of consecration cross at St Peter and St Paul, Ampton, Suffolk Retrieved 8 January 2014
  13. Flickr image of consecration cross at St Mary's Church, Shipton Solars Retrieved 8 January 2014
  14. All Saints church at Kenton
  15. St Mary, Thornham Parva
  16. St Peter, Great Livermere
  17. St Peter, Creeting St Peter
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