Compitalia

In ancient Roman religion, the Compitalia (Latin: Ludi Compitalicii) was a festival celebrated once a year in honor of the Lares Compitales, household deities of the crossroads, to whom sacrifices were offered at the places where two or more ways meet.[1] The word comes from the Latin compitum, a cross-way.[2]

Procession of the Compitalia, drawing from a fragment of bas-relief in the former Lateran Museum

This festival is more ancient than the building of Rome. It is said by some writers to have been instituted by Tarquinius Priscus in consequence of the miracle attending the birth of Servius Tullius, who was supposed to be the son of a Lar Familiaris, or family guardian deity.[3]

Dionysius says[4] that Servius Tullius founded the festival, which he describes as it was celebrated in his time. Dionysius relates that the sacrifices consisted of honey-cakes (πέλανοι) presented by the inhabitants of each house; and that the people who assisted as ministering servants at the festival were not free men, but slaves, because the Lares took pleasure in the service of slaves. He further adds that the Compitalia were celebrated a few days after the Saturnalia with great splendor, and that the slaves on this occasion had full liberty to do as they pleased.

During the celebration of the festival, each family placed the statue of the underworld goddess Mania at the door of their house. They also hung up at their doors figures of wool representing men and women, accompanying them with humble requests that the Lares and Mania would be contented with those figures, and spare the people of the house. Slaves offered balls or fleeces of wool instead of human figures.[5]

Macrobius[6] says that the celebration of the Compitalia was restored by the Etruscan king Tarquinius Superbus in response to an oracle that "they should sacrifice heads (capita) for heads." The oracle was taken to mean that in order to maintain the health and prosperity of each family, children should be sacrificed to Mania, identified in this case as the mother of the Lares. But Brutus, after overthrowing the line of Tarquin kings, instead satisfied the oracle by exploiting a verbal loophole, substituting "heads" of garlic and poppies.[5]

A rare fresco from a building near Pompeii, depicting Roman men in togae praetextae with dark red borders and probably participating in the Compitalia

The people who presided over the festival were magistri vici ("neighborhood officers") and on that occasion were allowed to wear the toga praetexta.[7] Public games were added to the festival during the Republican period, but they were suppressed by command of the senate in 68 BCE. Calpurnius Piso was charged by Cicero with violating the decree by allowing the games to be celebrated during his consulship in 58.[8] The festival itself still continued to be observed, even if the games were abolished.[9]

During the civil wars of the 40s, the festival fell into disuse, and was accordingly restored during the program of religious reforms carried out by Augustus.[10] As Augustus was now the pater patriae, the worship of the old Lares was discontinued, and the Lares of the emperor consequently became the Lares of the state. Augustus set up Lares or penates at places where two or more ways met[11] and instituted an order of priests to attend to their worship. These priests were chosen from the libertini, people who had been legally freed from slavery, and were called Augustales.[12]

The Compitalia belonged to the feriae conceptivae, that is, festivals which were celebrated on days appointed annually by the magistrates or priests. The exact day on which this festival was celebrated appears to have varied, though it was always in the winter, at least in the time of Varro, as observed by Isaac Casaubon.[5] Dionysius again relates[4] that it was celebrated a few days after the Saturnalia, and Cicero[13] that it fell on the Kalends of January; but in one of his letters to Atticus,[14] he speaks of it as occurring on the fourth before the Nones of January (January 2).[15] The exact words with which the festival was announced are preserved by Macrobius[16] and Aulus Gellius:[17]

Die noni popolo romano quiritibus compitalia erunt.

Suetonius writes that Augustus ordered the Lares Compitales crowned twice yearly with spring and summer flowers ("Compitales Lares ornari bis anno instituit vernis floribus et aestivis").[18][19]

Notes

"Compita", Varro, De lingua latina libri XXV, ed. Müller; Festus, s.v.
"Compital". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Pliny, Natural History, xxxvi.70
Roman Antiquities, iv.14
Cyclopaedia, vol 1, p 288.
Saturnalia i.7
Asconius, ad Cic. in Pis. p7, ed. Orelli
In Pisonem. 4; Ascon. l.c.
Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum, ii.3
Suetonius, Life of Augustus, 31; comp. Ovid, Fasti, v.128-148
Scholiast on Horace, ad Sat. ii.3.261
These Augustales are not the same as the Augustales appointed to attend to the worship of Augustus after his death, according to A.W. Zumpt, De Augustalibus et Seviris Augustalibus commentatio epigraphica, Berol. 1846
In Pisonem. 4
Epistulae ad Atticum, vii.7
The Nones are on 5 January, and including that day when counting backwards gives January 2.
Saturnalia i.4.27
Noctes Atticae, x.24
Suetonius Augustus 31.4
J. Bert Lott (19 April 2004). The Neighborhoods of Augustan Rome. Cambridge University Press. pp. 224–. ISBN 978-0-521-82827-7.

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References

Smith, William, D.C.L., LL.D. "Compitalia". A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. John Murray, London, 1875.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chambers, Ephraim, ed. (1728). "^{article name needed}". Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (first ed.). James and John Knapton, et al.
"Compital". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2nd ed. 1989.

Compitalia

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Further reading